Modernism vs. Tradition Guiding Question: what themes were present in resistance to modernism in the Twenties? 1. Prohibition 2. KKK 3. Immigration.

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Modernism vs. Tradition Guiding Question: what themes were present in resistance to modernism in the Twenties? 1. Prohibition 2. KKK 3. Immigration Restrictions 4. Fundamentalism

Modernism Broad societal trends in the Western Civilization beginning in the end of the nineteenth century and continuing into the 1930s. –Rejected certainty (relativism) –Emphasized human ability to shape meaning Consider the values conveyed by mass media in the 1920s

I. Prohibition Prohibition –Made law by 18 th Amendment in 1919 (took effect in 1920) –Enforced by the Volstead Act of 1919 Understaffed Unpopular –Led to widespread crime (“bootlegging”) –Token enforcement in the East, did lower alcohol consumption nationally, however

I. Prohibition Support for Prohibition –Supported by Rural Protestants (drys) –Resisted by Catholic Immigrants (wets) Why did each group feel this way?

II. The New KKK KKK –Rejuvenated version of Reconstruction-Era group –Different in aims Hostile not just towards blacks, but Catholics, Jews and union members/socialists. Supported not just white supremacy, but Protestantism, prohibition and immigration restrictions.

III. Immigration Restriction Immigration Restriction –1921 Immigration Act (Emergency Quota Act) 357,000 New Immigrants each year. Allowed 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the US in 1910 to immigrate into the US. E.g., if 500,000 Italians lived in the US in 1910, 15,000 could immigrate to the US each year following the passage of this act.

III. Immigration Restriction Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (1924) –Stricter version of Immigration Act –Dropped quotas to 2%

IV. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism –Literal interpretation of and strict adherence to Bible. –In certain respects, a reaction to the Social Gospel. –Very much a reaction to mass media –Diametrically opposed to Catholicism, liberal Protestantism (Barlow, McPherson)

IV. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism vs. Darwinism –Contradicted Genesis –“Process without a Mind” (Darwinism, not Evolution) –Came to a head at the “Scopes Monkey Trial” Darrow against Bryan Scopes guilty

Review Themes present in resistance to modernism?