Agenda 11/17/14- Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Quiz Intro to Photosynthesis worksheet (work on when you finish quiz) New Information: Photosynthesis and Plant Cell Specialization Photosynthesis Diagram worksheet HW- finish packet

Photosynthesis Video As you watch, consider the following: –Where does the energy that drives photosynthesis come from? –What molecules are formed during photosynthesis? –What 2 molecules carry energy that is eventually stored in glucose? –What kinds of organisms contain chloroplasts?

Most plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists –Autotrophs: generate their own organic matter through photosynthesis –Sunlight energy is transformed into chemical energy stored in chemical bonds (a) Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants (b) Kelp (c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light Energy Harvested by Photosynthetic Autotrophs 6 CO H 2 O + light energy → C 6 H 12 O O 2

Food Chain

Stem Blade Vein Waxy coating

The location and structure of chloroplasts LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL LEAF Chloroplast Mesophyll CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Thylakoid compartment Thylakoid Stroma Granum StromaGrana

Chloroplasts Intermembrane space Outer membrane Inner membrane Thylakoid Stroma Granum

Chloroplast H2OH2O O2O2 Sugars CO 2 A Chloroplast Grana (stacks of thylakoids) Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP Chemical Energy Light Energy ADP NADP +

2 Pathways of Photosynthesis Light-dependent reactions –Light energy absorbed –Occurs across thylakoid membranes –Produces ATP and NADPH (and O 2 ) Light-independent reactions or Calvin Cycle –Does not require light energy –Occurs in the stroma –Produces glucose using CO 2

AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

Formation of ATP ADP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery ATP stores enough energy for many cellular functions.

Chloroplast H2OH2O O2O2 Sugars CO 2 A Chloroplast Grana Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP Chemical Energy Light Energy ADP NADP +

O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Sunlight Energy Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoids Light Independent Reactions in the Stroma

Light Dependent Reactions Pigments arranged into photosystems –Photosystem I (happens 2 nd ) –Photosystem II (happens 1 st ) Inputs: –H 2 O –Light Energy –ADP, NADP + Products: –ATP, NADPH (go on to fuel the Calvin Cycle) –O 2

Light Dependent Reactions Electron transport chain –Pumps H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane- results in energy for ATP production ATP Synthase (enzyme) –H+ ions pass through the thylakoid membrane via ATP synthase, making it spin (energy) –ATP synthase spins, binding ADP and a phosphate group into ATP

The Two Photosystems of the Light Reactions: P-680 and P-700 Potential Energy Off to the Calvin Cycle

O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Sunlight Energy Thylakoids Stroma

Light-Independent Reactions, aka Calvin Cycle occurs in stroma uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and CO 2 to make the organic molecule glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )

The Calvin Cycle CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Inputs: ATP NADPH CO 2 Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 ADP NADP +

O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 NADP+ ADP ATP NADPH Sunlight Energy Thylakoids Stroma

Agenda 11/19/14- Photosynthesis and Plant Pigments Bellwork New Information- Photosynthesis and Properties of Light, Endosymbiotic Theory Lab- Plant Pigments and Chromatography HW- finish lab (if possible), formal lab report due Monday.

What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle? A. releasing carbon to the oceans B. removing carbon from the atmosphere C. transferring carbon from the soil to organisms D. transferring carbon from producers to decomposers Some types of bacteria are able to perform photosynthesis. These bacteria must therefore contain which of the following in their membranes? A. chlorophyll B. glucose C. mitochondria D. ribosomes

Properties of Light when a photon (unit of light) strikes a substance, it may –be reflected –be absorbed –be transmitted Plant pigments absorb light energy. –This fuels the production of ATP, NADPH

Why Are Plants Green? Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light Gamma rays X-raysUV Infrared & Microwaves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Gamma rays X-raysUVInfrared Micro- waves Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

Why are plants green? Reflected light Because they reflect green light

Chloroplasts have pigments that absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy What colors of light does chlorophyll absorb? Reflect? Light Reflected light Absorbed light Transmitted light Chloroplast The color of light seen is the color REFLECTED, NOT ABSORBED

Paper Chromatography Lab What pigments can be found in leaves?

Thylakoids in chloroplasts contain several pigments Chloroplast Pigments Chlorophyll a (bright green) Chlorophyll b (yellow-green) Carotenoids (yellow/orange) Xanthophylls (yellow) Anthocyanins (red) Figure 7.7

Different pigments absorb light differently Green to Greenish- yellow Yellow/Orange/R ed

Why do plants have pigments other than chlorophyll? Green to Greenish- yellow Yellow/Orange/R ed

Why do plants have pigments other than chlorophyll? To absorb more energy –from wavelengths (colors) of light that chlorophyll does not absorb. This allows them to make more food!

Photosynthesis Activity Site Chlorophyll

Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis, 1981) Mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originated as free-living prokaryotes that lived symbiotically within cells, leading to eukaryotes. Evidence: –Circular DNA –Reproduction –Two or more cell membranes –Ribosomes animation

Agenda 11/20- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Bellwork Finish Lab- calculate R f values, answer lab questions, discuss lab report Review for test

Spinach Leaf Pigments Distance travelled by solvent: 65 mm

Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPH ATP Energy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Section 8-3 Concept Map Go to Section:

Compare/Contrast PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration Energy Storing or Releasing Energy storingEnergy releasing ProductsGlucose, oxygen gasCarbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) ReactantsCarbon dioxide, water, light energy Glucose, oxygen gas LocationChloroplastMitochondrion