 Basic assumption: events are ___________ by some lawful order  Goals: › _________ and description › Understanding and _________ › ____________ and control

Figure 2.1 Flowchart of steps in a scientific investigation

 Formulate a testable __________  Select the __________ method and design the study  Collect the ______  _________ the data and draw conclusions  ______the findings

Table 2.1 Key Data Collection Techniques in Psychology

 ___________ = manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed › Detection of ___________________ relationships  __________________ (IV) = variable manipulated  __________________ (DV) = variable affected by manipulation › How does X affect Y? › X = Independent Variable, and Y = Dependent Variable

 _______________ group  _____________ group › __________ assignment › Manipulate independent variable for one group only › Resulting differences in the two groups must be due to the independent variable  _____________and confounding variables

Figure 2.4 The basic elements of an experiment

 Expose a single group to ____ different conditions › Reduces extraneous variables  ____________ more than one independent variable - Allows for study of interactions between variables  Use more than one dependent variable - Obtains a more complete picture of ______ of the independent variable

Figure 2.5 Manipulation of two independent variables in an experiment

 __________ : › conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn  ____________: › artificial nature of experiments › ethical and practical issues

 ________ of relationship  _________ of relationship › Correlation coefficient  Correlation and prediction  Correlation and causation

Figure 2.6 Positive and negative correlation

 ________ used when a researcher cannot manipulate the variables under study › Naturalistic observation › ________________ › Surveys  Allow researchers to describe patterns of behavior and discover links or _______________ between variables but cannot imply causation

Figure 2.10 Comparison of major research methods

 Sampling _______  ________ effects  Distortions in self-report data: › Social ________ bias › Response set  ___________ bias › the double-blind solution

 The question of ____________  The question of ___________________ › Controversy among psychologists and the public  Ethical standards for research: the American Psychological Association › Ensures both human and animal subjects are treated with _________

Figure 2.12 Ethics in research