1 Essential Fatty Acids Alpha-linolenic An omega 3 fatty acid EPA and DHA Eicosanoids Linoleic An omega 6 fatty acid Dihomo-gamma- linolenic and arachidonic acids Eicosanoids

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4 Fat Replacements Water Protein Carbohydrates –Starch derivatives, fiber and gums Engineered fats –Olestra –Salatrim

5 Mediterranean Diet Up to 40% kcal from fat is healthy if mostly MUFA Traditional diet features: –Olive oil as main fat –Abundant fruits & vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds –Daily intake of Small amounts of cheese and yogurt –Weekly fish intake; limited use of eggs and red meat –Regular exercise and rest –Moderate wine intake

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Absorbed fat travels as chylomicron. Chylomicron remnant to liver. Fat leaves liver and travels as VLDL. Fat to body cells via lipoprotein lipase LDL taken up by receptor pathways (in body cells) LDL taken up by scavenger pathways (in blood vessels), especially oxidized LDL HDL arises from the liver and intestine and buds off other lipoproteins. HDL transfers cholesterol from body cells mostly to other lipoproteins for disposal. Fat to body cells after breakdown by lipoprotein lipase 1a 1b2a 2b 3a 3b 4 1c Intestine Chylomicron Liver VLDL remnant c LDL c c c HDL Also called IDL Cholesterol Figure 6.19

Receptor Pathway –LDLs taken up by cells, broken down, and components utilized –Excess in blood become oxidized 11

Scavenger Pathway –White blood cells remove oxidized LDLs –Cholesterol can build up in these cells and kill them; this results in plaque (atherosclerosis) High Density Lipoproteins –Picks up cholesterol throughout the body 12

13 Health Concerns High polyunsaturated fat intake Excessive omega-3 fat intake Imbalances in omega-3 and omega 6 fats Intake of rancid fats Diets high in trans fats Diets high in total fat

14 Preventing CVD Total fat 20-35% total calories Saturated fat < 7 % total calories Trans fat low Polyunsaturated < 10% total calories Monounsaturated < 20% total calories Cholesterol < 200 mg daily Include 2 grams plant stanols/sterols daily Soluble fiber intake of 20-30g Moderate sugar intake Keep body weight at a healthy level Increase physical activity