THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS and THE END OF WORLD WAR II AUGUST – SEPTEMBER, 1945

QUIZ, pp The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? Which one was attacked first? Which one was attacked first? The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. What nations occupied Germany after WWII? What nations occupied Germany after WWII?

The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

The Atomic Bomb When? When? Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

DETONATION SEQUENCE

10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

TIBBETS & SWEENY

Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

NAGASAKI NAGASAKI BOMBING BOMBING AUGUST 9 th, AUGUST 9 th,

“LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

“FAT MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30, km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30, km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27, km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27, km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115, km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

Final Results: The War in The Pacific, Final Results: The War in The Pacific, ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY Japan occupied by U.S. Military Japan occupied by U.S. Military Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Casualties: Casualties: Allies: KILLED Allies: KILLED Military: 4 Million Military: 4 Million Civilian: 25 Million Civilian: 25 Million Axis (Japan): KILLED Axis (Japan): KILLED Military: 2 Million Military: 2 Million Civilian: 960,000 Civilian: 960,000

Other Results: The Pacific War Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t. Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t. China plunged into Civil War: China plunged into Civil War: Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) Korea divided: Korea divided: North Korea (Communist) North Korea (Communist) South Korea (Pro-Western) South Korea (Pro-Western) Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Example: French Indochina - Vietnam Example: French Indochina - Vietnam