CHAPTER 19 VIRUSES AND BACTERIA

BACTERIA

Most ancient life form = 3.5 billion years old

Smallest and simplest free-living organism

Saprobes: Decomposers (recycle nutrients) Major Role?

2 Different Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Archaebacteria: Live in extreme environments Methanogens = Anaerobic  Methane “Extremophiles”

Sulfur Springs Yellowstone NP “Thermophiles”

Methanococcus jannischiiwas 2600 meter in Atlantic Ocean

Halophiles Salt Loving Dead Sea

Eubacteria: Wide variety

Where Found? Everywhere 40,000

Photosynthetic Metabolic Diversity Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Rhizobium Chemosynthetic: Break down inorganic substances Nitrogen Fixation

Tulerimia Parasitic Mutualistic Commensalism Symbiosis

Classified: According to Shape

Cocci = Round

Streptococcus

Bacilli = Rod “Link Sausage”

Bacillus anthracis

Spirilla = Spiral

PREFIX Coccus = single Diplo = pairs Staphylo = clusters Strepto = chains

STRUCTURE

The DNA is concentrated as a group of fibers in the nucleoid region “ring” form

Cell Wall Live in moist environment Protect against Osmotic Pressure Made up of Peptidoglycan

Penicillin Use osmosis in treatment Cause holes in cell wall = bacteria burst Treatment?

Not effective against viruses and animal cells? None toxic to plants? peptidoglycan

REPRODUCTION Not by mitosis? = no nucleus

Asexual Binary Fission

Identical Cells? 20 minutes

TemperatureBacteria Doubles 90º FEvery 1/2 Hour 70º FEvery 1 Hour 60º FEvery 2 Hours 50º FEvery 3 Hours 40º FEvery 6 Hours 36º FEvery 12 Hours 32º FEvery 20 Hours Source: Iowa State Journal of Science Bacteria Reproduction Temperature Dependent

Bacteria Count/sq. cm. on Chicken in a 40º F Cooler TIME# of BACTERIACONDITION Day 0360OK Day 15,800OK Day 292,000OK Day 31,475,000OK-Odors Day 423,600,000Off Odors Day 5377,500,000Slime Source: Iowa State Journal of Science

WHY SO SUCCESSFUL? Reproduction

Antibiotics “Mutations”

Endospore (around DNA) -Bad conditions

Resistant to drying out, boiling, chemicals 1000’s of years Clostridium botulinum

Sterilize under high pressure. Clostridium tetani

BACTERIAL EFFECTS?

Aquaspirillum annulus Nitrogen Fixation -helps plants

Escherichia coli “E. coli”

Flavors: Vinegar Yogurt Butter Cheese Pickles Sauerkraut

“Nonbiodegradable” “Bioremediation” Sewage

BAD “Germs”

Passed by hands “Antibacterial” Soap

“Infected” Cuts

“Boil” “Abscess” Hair Follicle

Entamoeba gingivalis Mouth

Strep Throat Streptococcus pyogenes

“E. coli” Stomach/Intestines

Helicobacter pylori Intestinal

Lyme

Streptococcus “Pneumonia” Haemophilus influenzae

Meningitis

Swelling of the Brain

STD’s?

Most common STD

Chlamydia trachoma

Gonorrhea Neiserria gonorrhoeae Same symptoms/ effects

Syphilis Treponema pallidum

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

Tulerimia

Bubonic Plague

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax

Bubonic Plague Ebola Smallpox

END