14-2 How Are the Earth’s Rocks Recycled? Concept 14-2 The three major types of rocks found in the earth’s crust—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—are recycled very slowly by the process of erosion, melting, and metamorphism.

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1) The earth’s crust consists mainly of rocks and minerals… Minerals - ________________ or inorganic ______________ in earth’s crust Usually a crystalline _______________, which has regular and repeating arrangement of atoms Examples: gold, mercury, salt, quartz Rock - solid _________________ of one or more minerals Examples: limestone, quartzite, granite element compound solid combination

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2) 1.Sedimentary rock – made of _________________ from dead plant and animal remains and tiny particles of weathered and eroded rocks Deposited in ________________ and compacted Increasing ______________ overtime converts them to rock Examples…Sandstone, Shale, Dolomite, Limestone, Lignite, Bituminous coal Sedimentary Rock Sandstone limestone sediments layers pressure

There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (3) 2.Igneous rock - Forms below or at earth’s surface when ______________ wells up, cools and hardens Form the ____________ of earth’s crust but are usually covered by sedimentary rock Examples: Granite, Lava rocks 3.Metamorphic rock – forms when ______________ rock is subjected to high pressures, high temperatures, and/or chemically active fluids Examples: Anthracite, Slate, Marble Igneous Rock granite pumice basalt Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite magma bulk preexisting

The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Very Slowly Rock cycle – The interaction of physical and chemical processes that ____________ rocks from one type to another ______________ of the earth’s cyclic processes Plays a major role in forming concentrated deposits of ________________ resources change Slowest mineral

Fig , p. 354 Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary rock Sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Cooling Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite

14-3 What Are Mineral Resources, and What Are their Environmental Effects? Concept 14-3 We can make some minerals in the earth’s crust into useful products, but extracting and using these resources can disturb the land, erode soils, produce large amounts of solid waste, and pollute the air, water, and soil.

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) A mineral resource is a concentration of _________________ occurring material from the earth’s crust that can be ___________________ from earth’s crust and processed into _________ ________________ and products at an affordable cost _________________ minerals – like gold and aluminum ____________________ minerals – like sand and limestone Because minerals and rocks take so long to form, they are classified as _____________________ resources naturally extracted rawmaterials Metallic Nonmetallic nonrenewable

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) An ____________ is rock that contains a large enough concentration of particular mineral – often a metal – to make it ______________________ for mining and processing High-grade ore – contains a ________________ concentration Low-grade ore - contains a ______________ concentration ore profitable large smaller

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) Metallic mineral resources Aluminum (Al) – used for packaging and beverage ________; structural material in motor vehicles, aircrafts and buildings Iron (Fe) – essential for ______________; buildings and motor vehicles Copper (Cu) – electrical and communication ___________ Gold (Au) – used in ________________ equipment, tooth fillings, ________________, coins, and some medical implants cans steel wiring electrical jewelry

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) Nonmetallic mineral resources Sand (mostly ______) – used to make ____________, bricks and concrete Gravel – used for _______________ and to make concrete Limestone (mostly _______) – crushed to make concrete and ______________ Phosphate salts – used for inorganic ______________ and some detergents SiO 2 glass roadbeds CaCO 3 cement fertilizers

We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) The estimated supply of a mineral resource is called a ________________ Reserves can increase when… new deposits are _____________ Improved mining _____________________ make it more profitable to extract deposits reserve found technologies

Some Environmental Impacts of Mineral Use While we can produce many useful products from mined resources, many disadvantages are related to the entire _______________ of a metal Surface mining Metal oreSeparation of ore from gangue Smelting Melting metal Conversion to product Discarding of product Recycling life cycle

Fig , p. 356 Natural Capital Degradation Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources StepsEnvironmental Effects Mining Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oil spills and blowouts; noise; ugliness; heat Exploration, extraction Processing Solid wastes; radioactive material; air, water, and soil pollution; noise; safety and health hazards; ugliness; heat Transportation, purification, manufacturing Use Noise; ugliness; thermal water pollution; pollution of air, water, and soil; solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat Transportation or transmission to individual user, eventual use, and discarding

There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (1) Surface mining Used to remove ________________ deposits Begins with the removal of all __________________ covering the site Then the __________________ is removed… soil and rock covering the useful mineral deposits Deposited in waste piles called _______________ shallow vegetation overburden spoils

There Are Several Ways to Remove Mineral Deposits (2) Type of surface mining used depends on the ______________ and local _____________________ Types of surface mining _________________ mining machines dig very larger holes __________ mining useful for deposits that lie in large _________________ beds _________________ strip mining: flat surfaces _________________ strip: hilly or mountainous terrains _______________________ removal Removes the tops of mountains resource topography Open-pit Strip horizontal Area Contour Mountaintop

Natural Capital Degradation: Open-Pit Mine in Arizona Fig , p. 357 Scarring and _______________________ of the land surfacedegradation

Area Strip Mining in Wyoming Fig , p. 357

Spoils Banks in Germany from Area Strip Mining Fig , p. 358

Strip mining often leaves spoil ___________ Susceptible to erosion Regrowth of vegetation is slow due to the lack of topsoil Spoil banks banks

Mountaintop Coal Mining in West Virginia Fig , p. 359 Waste is deposited into ________________ below the mountaintops Streams are ______________; waste water and toxic sludge are often stored in _____________ in these valleys which can collapse and over flow Daily blasting exposes people to ____________ and can damage _______________ supplies valleys buried dams dust groundwater

Individuals Matter: Maria Gunnoe Maria Gunnoe West Virginia environmental activist…national public speaker won a _________________ Environmental Prize in 2009 for her efforts to fight against mountaintop coal mining Cash prize of ________________ Her home… Flooded _______ times Toxic coal sludge in ______________ Groundwater and ___________ was contaminated Goldman $150,000 7 yard well

Ecological Restoration of a Mining Site in Indonesia Fig , p. 360 Surface mining sites can be restored but it is ___________ U.S. Department of the Interior, _________, estimates that cleaning all U.S. sites would cost taxpayers ______________ costly DOI $ 70 billion

Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Subsurface mining Used to remove __________________ deposits through tunnels and shafts Creates hazards such as _________________, explosions, and fires Miners often get _________________ - caused by prolonged inhalation of coal dust Subsidence - _________________ land can affect communities above mines deep cave-ins black lung sinking

Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Ore extracted by mining typically has two components… Ore mineral containing the ________________ metal waste material called ___________________ The waste material is left in piles called _______________....toxic particles can be blown by the wind or leached by rainfall desired gangue tailings

Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (1) Heat or chemical solvents must be used to extract metals from ores Process called ________________________ Without effective pollution control equipment, smelters emit enormous amounts of __________ pollution Also produces ________________ and ________________ hazardous wastes smelting air liquid solid

Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful Environmental Effects (2) Core Case Study: highly toxic cyanide salt is used to extract gold from its ore After extracting the gold from a mine, some mining companies deliberately declare ______________ so that they can avoid cleaning up their sites Summitville gold mine: _________________, U.S. Toxic waste site Cleanup by the EPA will cost U.S. taxpayers about __________________ bankruptcy Colorado $120 million

Tropical Gold Mining Since the 1980s, millions of miners have streamed in tropical rivers to search for gold Dig large ___________ and dredge ________________ from rivers Some use _________________ mining (currently outlawed in the U.S.) in which water _____________ wash entire hillsides into collection boxes _______________ is also illegally used to separate gold from stream sediment Nearby fish populations have dropped Nearby villages suffer from mercury poisoning pits sediment hydraulic cannons Mercury

Review Questions! Identify the types of rock formed throughout the rock cycle… Erosion Weathering Transportation Deposition Heat, pressure, stress Magma Heat, pressure sedimentary metamorphic igneous

Review Questions! What are some examples of… metallic mineral resources? nonmetallic mineral resources? After an ore is acquired, what must be done to get the desired metal? Aluminum, iron, copper, gold Sand, limestone, gravel, phosphate salts Separate ore from waste (gangue) Heat or use chemicals (smelting) to get metal

Review Questions! Identify the types of surface mining shown below… Open pit mining Strip mining Mountain-top removal