WWI

Causes (See the Dynamite Notes)  M ilitarism  A lliances  I mperialism  N ationalism

Beginning Alliances Triple Alliance: Central Powers Germany Austria- Hungary Italy

Beginning Alliances Britain France Russia Triple Entente: Allied Powers

Immediate Cause  Archduke Francis Ferdinand, (heir to Austrian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist

 Assassin: Gavrilo Princip  Member of the “Black Hand”  Supported Serbian Nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they were assassinated Gavrilo Princip was taken into custody after the assassination Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, riding in an open carriage at Sarajevo shortly before their assassination, June 28, 1914.

 Austria blamed Serbia for killing Ferdinand and declared war  Because of the alliances, “friends” joined war too  Russia –– Serbia  France and Britain join too  Germany –– Austria-Hungary War Starts: 1914

 Because of the Alliance System, a dispute between two countries  full European war “Total War”

Animated Map: Europe Plunges Into War

Central Powers  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  Germany  Bulgaria Allied Powers  Britain  France  America (entered 1917)  Italy – changed sides!  Russia (withdrew 1917) VS. Sides

 Schlieffen Plan:  Germany invaded France  Goal: defeat France quickly to avoid war on two fronts  Chose to go through neutral Belgium 1 st Stage:

 Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914)  Germans stopped 60 miles from Paris  Ended goal for quick victory on Western Front

 Both sides dug trenches  trench warfare  WWI primarily fought in trenches of France

German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)

American soldiers in their trenches

British trench – soldier on the right is on guard, the others are resting.

Dead bodies in a trench after an attack

Life in the Trenches Trench foot

Trenches Today

Major Theaters: Multi- Front War  Western Front – France – Trench warfare – Stalemate – no one is winning – War of Attrition – just trying to wear down the other side  Eastern Front – Russia – Russians invade Germany on the east but are beaten back

 British entered the war:  Naval blockade around Europe so Germany couldn’t get supplies  Germans started building submarines

WWI = NEW kind of War  First industrialized war using machines  New weapons  stalemate – Most deadly war to date

1.New types of artillery (huge cannon, grenade, mortars, shrapnel)

2.Machine guns ended frontal assault  trench warfare

3.Tanks (originally British – not as advanced as in WWII)

4.Zeppelins (airships; used mainly for observation of troop movement)

5.Poison gas (first used by Germans) Poison gas attack British troops blinded by tear gas A soldier with mustard gas burns Various gas masks employed on the Western Front during WWI

6.Submarines (U-boats, developed and used by Germans) German U-Boat U-Boat Crew

 United States entered the war  Russia left the war because of the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolution of nd Stage:

 S ussex Pledge: Germans promised not to sink any more American ships Why did the US enter?

 L usitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats – 128 US citizens killed

Americans really were carrying ammunitions and supplies to Britain and the allies on the Lusitania, despite it being a passenger ship. Still, the American public was outraged.

 U nrestricted German submarine warfare against neutral countries

 Ties with G reat Britain – Trade and loans – Allied propaganda

 Z immerman Note – Germany promised Mexico part of US territory if they fought with the Central Powers

Woodrow Wilson  President who brought the US into the war  Hoped to make this the “War to End All Wars” to make the world safe for democracy

US Entry   More manpower, money, and weapons  Turned the tide in favor of Allies  Ended American isolationism

Wilson’s 14 Points  January 1918 – Wilson’s speech before Congress  Listed 14 ideas he had for a lasting peace settlement

 First 5 points: to settle problems that caused the war 1.No secret deals between countries 2.Freedom of the seas 3.No economic/trade barriers 4.Reduce arms supplies in all countries 5.Peaceful settlement of colonial claims

 Next 8 points: to settle problems of conquered nationalities  Last point: create a League of Nations to prevent future wars “A general association of nations” to protect countries and settle problems

Effects of the 14 Points  Raised morale of Allied soldiers  Encouraged Germans to surrender, knowing they would be treated fairly

End of the War  US troops got to Europe in 1918 and strengthened Allies  Allies won – Central Powers surrendered  Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be written – Signed on 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month of 1918

Treaty of Versailles

 Meeting held in Paris between leaders of winning countries  “Big Four”

Big Four and Their Goals  David Lloyd George – Britain – Expand British power – Make Germany pay  Georges Clemenceau – France – Ensure French security – Make Germany pay

 Woodrow Wilson – US – Provide just peace – Create better world  Vittorio Orlando – Italy – Expand Italy's European lands and empire abroad Big Four and Their Goals

Treaty of Versailles  Blamed Germany for WWI (war guilt clause)  Germany had to pay reparations  Payment for damages  $33 billion over 30 years  League of Nations created

 Territories of defeated nations became mandates – Governed by the League of Nations until deemed ready for independence  Became “colonies” of the League – People in mandates were angry because they wanted independence after supporting the Allies in the war Treaty of Versailles

 German Disarmament  Reduced army and navy  War industries prohibited  Problems that caused WWI and hatred still existed Treaty of Versailles

 Organization of countries to keep world peace  US never joined because Senate votes “no” – went back to policy of isolation  Weak organization  Failed to keep dictators like Hitler down  Dissolved when WWII began League of Nations

Effects of WWI

Social  Almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million wounded  Millions of civilians died  World aflame with hatred and nationalism  Famine and malnutrition

WWI Casualties

Economic  Cost $350 billion  – Heavy taxes, inflation – Lower standards of living  International trade suffered  Russia began new socialist/ communist economic system  Economic problems  1929 depression

Political  US emerges as world power  Dynasties in Austria, Russia, and Germany fell  New nation-states created  League of Nations established to promote peace  Struggling countries  dictatorships (ex: Russia)