The First Americans

Essential Questions How did civilizations develop in the United States? How did civilizations develop in the United States? How did the geography and climate of the United States affect Native Americans? How did the geography and climate of the United States affect Native Americans? How did early people in the Americas adapt to their environment? How did early people in the Americas adapt to their environment?

Key Terms LESSON 1: Ancestor Ancestor Theory Theory Migration Migration Artifact Artifact Civilization Civilization Tradition Tradition Division of labor Longhouse Wampum Wigwam Scarce Tepee Council Ceremony Adapt Surplus Adobe Harpoon Clan Economy barter Potlatch Kayak igloo

Advancements in Ancient Civilizations MAYAN MAYAN  A.D.250-A.D.900  Developed 365-day calendar  Used cacao beans as a type of money  Developed the first system of numbers in the Americas (included zero)  Hieroglyphics

Advancements in Ancient Civilizations AZTEC AZTEC   Built the island capital Tenochtitlan  Built floating gardens Irrigation? Irrigation?  Established a rigid class system All classes EXCEPT nobles paid tribute All classes EXCEPT nobles paid tribute  Human Sacrifice

Advancements in Ancient Civilizations INCAN INCAN   Constructed 10,000 mile road system  Developed largest empire in the Americas  Government owned ALL food grown by farmers.  Armies throughout empire to maintain peace  First to develop brain surgery  Known for weaving and metal work  Rulers wore gold & silver jewelry

The Land Bridge The first Americans arrived in North America during last Ice Age between 10 and 100 thousand years ago The first Americans arrived in North America during last Ice Age between 10 and 100 thousand years ago

Glaciers made sea level fall and a land bridge formed between Asia and North America

First Americans were hunters in search of better hunting grounds

Over thousands of years they spread throughout North America, Central America, and South America

Global Warming About 12,000 years ago, oceans rose and the land bridge vanished About 12,000 years ago, oceans rose and the land bridge vanished

New Americans adapted to new climates

Studying the Evidence Archaeologists study artifacts Archaeologists study artifacts Objects made by humans Objects made by humans Stone tools Stone tools Weapons Weapons Carvings Carvings

Artifacts help us learn about the cultures, or way of life of ancient people Artifacts help us learn about the cultures, or way of life of ancient people

Geography determines the way people live Geography determines the way people live

The People of North America

The People of the North The world of the Inuits, meaning “Humans” Others called them Eskimos, meaning “Eaters of Raw Meat” The world of the Inuits, meaning “Humans” Others called them Eskimos, meaning “Eaters of Raw Meat”

The Inuit settled in the Arctic and Sub Arctic The Inuit settled in the Arctic and Sub Arctic Lived along Coastal Plains Lived along Coastal Plains Climate was harsh Climate was harsh Frozen seas Frozen seas Ice and snow Ice and snow High winds High winds Treeless Treeless

Adaptations— Adaptations— Nomadic life style Nomadic life style Lived near coast in igloos in winter Lived near coast in igloos in winter Diet almost entirely of seal meat Diet almost entirely of seal meat

Moved inland in summer with shelters of skins to hunt caribou and fish Moved inland in summer with shelters of skins to hunt caribou and fish

Used driftwood and animal fat for fuel Used driftwood and animal fat for fuel Religion: Animal worship Religion: Animal worship

People of the Northwest Coast People of the Northwest Coast

The world of the Tlingit The world of the Tlingit These people settled in the Coastal Forests These people settled in the Coastal Forests

Climate was favorable Climate was favorable Plentiful food and supplies Plentiful food and supplies Fish from the sea Fish from the sea Deer, Moose, and Bears provided food and hides Deer, Moose, and Bears provided food and hides Forest provided materials for shelter Forest provided materials for shelter

Adaptations— Adaptations— Permanent homes Permanent homes Trade with other groups Trade with other groups

Families achieved status by holding a Potlatch and giving away gifts Families achieved status by holding a Potlatch and giving away gifts

Religion: Animal worship. People built Totem Poles Religion: Animal worship. People built Totem Poles

People of the South West

The world of the Navajos and Anasazis The world of the Navajos and Anasazis

These people settled in the deserts and basins These people settled in the deserts and basins Climate: Warm and Dry year round Climate: Warm and Dry year round Very few trees Very few trees Few large animals Few large animals

Adaptations— Adaptations— Adobe shelters of mud and stone Adobe shelters of mud and stone Anasazis built cliff dwellings Anasazis built cliff dwellings

Roads connected villages which led to exchange of goods and ideas Roads connected villages which led to exchange of goods and ideas

Way of life was farming. Used system of irrigation to water crops. Way of life was farming. Used system of irrigation to water crops.

Religion: Spirits of wind, rain, and thunder Religion: Spirits of wind, rain, and thunder

People of the Great Plains

World of the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Blackfoot World of the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Blackfoot

These people settled in the vast grasslands from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains These people settled in the vast grasslands from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

Climate: Hot and dry in summer, cold and snow in winter Climate: Hot and dry in summer, cold and snow in winter

Few trees Few trees

Thousands of acres of grass Thousands of acres of grass

Large herds of grazing animals— Large herds of grazing animals— Antelope Antelope Elk Elk Deer Deer Buffalo Buffalo

Adaptations— Adaptations— Hunters and gatherers Hunters and gatherers Arrival of the horse changed their life Arrival of the horse changed their life

Prior to the horse, hunting was difficult Prior to the horse, hunting was difficult

The horse allowed hunters to keep up with the running herds

Nomadic life style almost exclusively hunters following the migrating buffalo Nomadic life style almost exclusively hunters following the migrating buffalo

Homes of hides and poles called tepees

Religion: Believed in a “Great Spirit” with ceremonies linked to the hunt

How to hunt buffalo… Give a step-by-step description of how to hunt buffalo in the Great Plains. 1. Your description should be no less than 7 steps. 2. Your description must also include a picture of a buffalo You may use your textbook pgs

People of the Eastern Woodlands

World of the Iroquois and Algonquians World of the Iroquois and Algonquians They were grouped together because their languages were similar. They were grouped together because their languages were similar.

These people settled in the forest and meadows These people settled in the forest and meadows

Climate: Moderate year round Climate: Moderate year round Food was plentiful Food was plentiful Forest provided food, and building materials Forest provided food, and building materials

Adaptations— Adaptations— Shelters called longhouses made of poles and bark Shelters called longhouses made of poles and bark

The Longhouse

Lifestyle was semi-nomadic. Villages moved every 10 to 20 years Lifestyle was semi-nomadic. Villages moved every 10 to 20 years

Men hunters and women farmers. The “3 Sisters”, squash, beans, and corn Men hunters and women farmers. The “3 Sisters”, squash, beans, and corn

Women owned all the property and selected the tribal leaders Women owned all the property and selected the tribal leaders

Men moved into wife’s family at marriage Men moved into wife’s family at marriage

Many groups lived in this region Formed alliance Formed alliance Very war like Very war like The League of the Iroquois The League of the Iroquois Mohawk Mohawk Seneca Seneca Onondaga Onondaga Cayuga Cayuga Oneida Oneida Tuscarora (later) Tuscarora (later)

The League of the Iroquois Mohawk Mohawk Seneca Seneca Onondaga Onondaga Cayuga Cayuga Oneida Oneida Tuscarora (later) Tuscarora (later)

The Algonquians The Algonquians Opposed the Iroquois Opposed the Iroquois Algonquians included— Algonquians included— Wappingers Wappingers Delawares (Lenni Lenape) Delawares (Lenni Lenape) And Mohicans And Mohicans

Religion: Worshipped the “Spirit Twins.” Spirits of the forest (bad) and of the clearings (good) Religion: Worshipped the “Spirit Twins.” Spirits of the forest (bad) and of the clearings (good)