Urinary Tract Stones (Calculi). Epidemiology of stones : Incidence ❏ 10% of population ❏ male:female ratio 3:1 ❏ 50% chance of recurrence by 5 years.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
DEPARTMENT OF UROLOGY IAŞI – 2013
Advertisements

Dr.Bandar Al Hubaishy Urology Department KAUH
The physical characteristics of urinary calculi  (1) Calcium phosphate stones  (2) Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones  (3)Calcium oxalate stones 
UROLITHIASIS Hatim alnosayan. INTRODUCTION Prevalence 2% to 3%. Prevalence 2% to 3%. Peak age group 20 – 40 yrs Peak age group 20 – 40 yrs Life time risk:
Presentation and Management of Patients with Renal Colic
 KIDNEY STONES. nephrolithiasis (kidney calculi or stones) is well- documented common occurrences in the general population nephrolithiasis (kidney calculi.
Renal Stones: A Guide for the Non-Urologist F. A. Fried, MD University of North Carolina Division of Urology.
Pathophysiology of Disease: Chapter 16 ( ) RENAL DISEASE: RENAL STONES AND UT OBSTRUCTION Pathophysiology of Disease: Chapter 16 ( ) Jack DeRuiter,
KIDNEY STONES By: Reem M Sallam, MD, MSc, PhD
By Dr. Khalid Shakeel Babar (KSB) By Dr. Khalid Shakeel Babar (KSB)
Safaa. M Abdel Rahman MD Lecturer of pediatric nephrology Cairo university Pediatric renal stones.
Kidney Stones Ayesha Aslam BIOT 412. A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner.
Renal Block Kidney Stones Dr. Usman Ghani.
Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults
RENAL STONE DISEASE. ANALYSIS OF STONES ______________________________ Oxalate504 (56.1%) Triple phosphate237 (26.4%) Phosphate119 (13.4%) Uric.
Staghorn calculi – causes and treatment Brad Weaver 8/19/08.
Urinary tract obstruction & Stones
Urolithiasis or Urinary Calculi.  Refers to the presence of stones in the urinary system  Stones, or calculi, are formed in the urinary tract from the.
Dr. Abdellatif Zayed UROLITHIASIS.
Disorders of the Urinary System
Renal Stone Hossein Hamidi MD. Isfahan university of Medical Sciences.
Nephrolithiasis Abrahim Syed February 2013 Paul Lewis MD.
Karen Estrella-Ramadan 07/06/12
Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis, Nephrolithiasis)
Renal Tract Stones Angelika Na. Renal tract stones  10% of Caucasian men by age 70  Recurrence  10% in 1 year, 50% in 10 year  Risk factors  Age.
Adult Medical-Surgical Nursing Renal Module: Renal Calculi - Urolithiasis.
Kidney Stones: An Overview Gerald Da Roza MD, MHSc, FRCPC March 15, 2010.
URINARY TRACT STRUCTURE & INFECTION. Innervation of the Urinary Tract Sympathetic fibers from the lower splanchnic nerves – lumbar ganglion – kidney.
22 September Paired retroperitoneal structures Filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products Regulation of electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base.
Obstructive Uropathy Dr Rodney Itaki Lecturer Anatomical Pathology Discipline University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine & Health Sciences Division.
Stone Varieties Adalyn Almora. Terms Nephrolithiasis- (kidney stones) is a disease affecting the urinary tract. Nephrocalcinosis-Calcifications within.
Urolithiasis Renal stone Nephrocalcinosis Predisposig Factors 1. Age ( yr) 1. Age ( yr) 2. Sex (M>F) 2. Sex (M>F) 3. Enviromental Factors.
January 27, Epidemiology 1/685 pediatric admissions Lower incidence than adults Higher crystal formation inhibitors in urine M>F Most common stones.
Dr. Robab Maghsoudi Hashemi nijad Kidney Center (HKC) Iran University Medical ciences (IUMS)
Renal calculus 1 2 Types of renal calculi 1.Primary 2.Secondary 3.
Renal tract stones Lachlan Brennan
Urolithiasis Go Go Go Go. Afflictions of the Urinary Tract 1.Urinary Tract Infections 2.Pathologic conditions of the prostate 3.URINARY CALCULI.
Renal Tract Calculi Alex Papachristos. Overview Background Background Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Epidemiology Epidemiology Presentation Presentation.
Illnesses and disorders.  The process of forming a kidney stone, a stone in the kidney  The development of the stones is related to decreased urine.
Stephen Schneider PA-c, Children’s hospital of Philadelphia
Kidney Stones.
Prevention.
RENAL CALCULI.
Urolithiasis Presentation by melissa vandyke. What is urolithiasis????? a formation of urinary calculi in any area of the urinary tract. a formation of.
Urinary track calculi (Kidney stone) Hanjong Park, PhD, RN.
NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Chapter 37.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Urinary Tract Calculi Chapter 46.
Lab 4 Renal Calculi.
Urology Division, Surgery Department Medical Faculty,
Urinary system (Imaging)
Urinary lithiasis.
Urinary calculi.
Ashish R. Parekh, MD Urologic Surgery Kaiser Permanente, WLA
RENAL CALCULI.
Disorders of the Urinary System
Kidney Stones Renal Block 1 Lecture.
Renal Block Kidney Stones Dr. Usman Ghani.
NEPHROLITHIASIS SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
KIDNEY STONES By: Reem M Sallam, MD, MSc, PhD
When life puts you in tough situations, don’t say WHY ME
KIDNEY STONES.
Minitopic Nephrolithiasis.
Assistant professor of pathology
Renal Calculi (Nephrolithiasis)
Lab 4 Renal Calculi.
RENAL STONE IN CHILDREN
Renal Stone Disease 2013 Mini-Lecture.
Urolithiasis.
Presentation transcript:

Urinary Tract Stones (Calculi)

Epidemiology of stones : Incidence ❏ 10% of population ❏ male:female ratio 3:1 ❏ 50% chance of recurrence by 5 years Etiology and Pathogenesis Multifactorial process: Temperature, PH, Diet, Genetic… ❏ factors promoting stone formation stasis (hydronephrosis, congenital abnormality) medullary sponge kidney infection (struvite stones) hypercalciuria increased oxalate increased uric acid ❏ loss of inhibitory factors Mg (forms soluble complex with oxalate) citrate (forms soluble complex with calcium) pyrophosphate glycoprotein

Supersaturation: The formation of stones needs supersaturated urine. Ksp (solubility product) a critical state at which the substance is easily soluble above this meatasatble: a capability of initiating crystal growth ( Nucleation ), & the epitaxy aggregation of crystals each on the other as (Ca+, Oxalate over urate). Kfp (formation products) unstable solutions in which a spontaneous homogenous nucleation occur. Matrix: non crystalline mucoprotein + proteus infection Exogenous substances: Indinavir – antiviral Triamterene } rudiolucent stones

Stones of the upper urinary tract Clinical Presentation ❏ urinary obstruction ––> distension ––> pain flank pain from renal capsular distension (non-colicky) severe waxing and waning pain radiating from flank to groin due to stretching of collecting system or ureter (ureteral colic) never comfortable, always moving ❏ nausea, vomiting ❏ hematuria, usually microscopic, occasionally gross (90%) ❏ symptoms of trigonal irritation (frequency, urgency), diaphoresis, tachycardia, tachypnea ❏ +/– fever, chills, rigors secondary to pyelonephritis

Differential Diagnosis of Renal Colic ❏ other causes of acute ureteral obstruction UPJ obstruction sloughed papillae clot colic from gross hematuria ❏ radiculitis (L1 nerve root irritation) herpes zoster nerve root compression ❏ pyelonephritis (fever, chills, pyuria) ❏ acute abdominal crisis (biliary, bowel) ❏ leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm

Location of Stones ❏ calyx may cause flank discomfort, recurrent infection or persistent hematuria may remain asymptomatic for years and not require treatment ❏ pelvis tend to cause UPJ obstruction ❏ renal pelvis and one or more calyces staghorn calculi often associated with infection infection will not resolve until stone cleared may obstruct renal drainage ❏ ureter < 5 mm diameter will pass spontaneously in 75% of patients ❏ the three narrowest passage points for upper tract stones include: UPJ, pelvic brim, UVJ

Investigations ❏ screening labs CBC ––> elevated WBC in presence of fever suggests infection Electrolytes, Cr, BUN ––> to assess renal function ❏ urinalysis routine and microscopic (WBCs, RBCs, crystals) culture and sensitivity ❏ KUB x-ray 90% of stones are radiopaque ❏ spiral CT no contrast, good to distinguish radiolucent stone from soft tissue filling defect ❏ abdominal ultrasound may demonstrate stone (difficult in ureter) may demonstrate hydronephrosis

❏ IVP establishes diagnosis demonstrates anatomy of urine collecting system degree of obstruction extravasation if present renal tubular ectasia (medullary sponge kidney) uric acid stones ––> filling defect ❏ strain all urine ––> stone analysis ❏ later (metabolic studies for recurrent stone formers) serum lytes, calcium, phosphate and uric acid PTH if hypercalcemic creatinine and urea 24 hour urine x 2 for creatinine, Ca2+, PO4, uric acid, magnesium, oxalate and citrate

Acute Management ❏ medical analgesic (tramadol, pethidine, morphine) +/– antiemetic NSAIDs help lower intra-ureteral pressure +/– antibiotics for UTI IV fluids if vomiting ❏ indications for admission to hospital severe persistent pain uncontrolled by oral analgesics fever ––> infection high grade obstruction single kidney with ureteral obstruction bilateral ureteral stones persistent vomiting ❏ surgical ureteric stent high grade obstruction single kidney ❏ radiological percutaneous nephrostomy (alternative to stent)

Elective Management ❏ medical conservative if stone < 5mm and no complications alkalinization of uric acid and cystine stones may be attempted (potassium citrate) patient must receive one month of therapy before being considered to have failed ❏ surgical kidney extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) if stone < 2.5 cm + stent if cm percutaneous nephrolithotomy stone > 2.5 cm staghorn UPJ obstruction calyceal diverticulum cystine stones (poorly fragmented with ESWL) open nephrolithotomy extensively branched staghorn

ureter ESWL is primary modality of treatment ureteroscopy failed ESWL ureteric stricture reasonable alternative for distal 1/3 of ureter open ureterolithotomy rarely necessary (failed ESWL and ureteroscopy)

BLADDER STONES ❏ etiology stasis (bladder outflow obstruction) foreign body Infection dietary ❏ description large often multiple ❏ signs and symptoms frequency and urgency pain at end of urination pyuria hematuria obstructive symptoms ❏ stone types often Ca2+ oxalate/phosphate uric acid

Investigation GUE US Plain XR of pelvis Cystoram CT scan

Treatment Lithotrities: 1.Cystolitholapaxy: Mechanical crushing device 2.Electrolaydraulic Lithotripsy 3.US lithotripsy 4.Pneumatic lithotripsy Cystolithotomy Remove outflow obstruction (TURP or dilatation of stricture)

STONE TYPES

Calcium Stones ❏ account for 80% of all stones ❏ Ca2+ oxalate most common, followed by Ca2+ phosphate ❏ description grey or brown due to hemosiderin from bleeding radiopaque

Etiology ❏ hypercalciuria (60-70% of patients) 95% of these patients have normal serum calcium levels 5-10% of people without stones have hypercalciuria ❏ Types of hypercalciuric Ca2+ stones:  absorptive causes (majority of patients) increased vitamin D sensitivity ––> idiopathic sarcoidosis ––> ↑production of 1,25(OH)2vit D abnormal vitamin D metabolism ––> ↑1,25 (OH)2vit D excess vitamin D intake increased Ca2+ intake (milk alkali syndrome) renal phosphate leak ––> ↓PO4––> ↑1,25(OH)2 vitamin D ––> absorptive hypercalcemia treatment cellulose phosphate (decrease intestinal absorption of Ca2+) or orthophosphates (inhibit vitamin D synthesis)

 resorptive causes (i.e. ↑Ca2+ from bones) hyperparathyroidism neoplasms (multiple myeloma, metastases) Cushing’s disease hyperthyroidism immobilization steroids

 renal leak of calcium distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA I) ––> 6.0 pH + ↓citrate ––> ↑CaPO4stones treat with HCO3 to ↑citrate medullary sponge kidney (tubular ectasia) anatomic defect in collecting ducts; 5-20% of Ca2+ stone formers

❏ idiopathic (25-40% of patients) normocalcemic normocalciuric may have ↓citrate; ↓Mg; ↑oxalate; ↑urine acidity; dehydration treatment hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) 25 mg PO daily ––> ↓Ca2+ in urine increase water intake

❏ hyperuricosuria (25% of patients with Ca2+ stones) uric acid acts as nidus for Ca2+ stone formation treatment add allopurinol if uric acid excretion > 5 mmol/day ❏ hypocitraturia (12% of patients) associated with type I RTA or chronic thiazide use treatment potassium citrate

❏ hypercalcemia (5% of patients) primary hyperparathyroidism malignancy } 90% of cases sarcoidosis increased vitamin D hyperthyroidism milk-alkali syndrome ❏ hyperoxaluria (< 5% of patients) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) short bowel syndrome dietary increase (caffeine, potatoes, rhubarb, chocolate, vitamin C) primary increase in endogenous production treatment calcium or cholestyramineincrease water intake, avoid oxalate-containing foods oral

Struvite Stones ❏ etiology and pathogenesis account for 10% of all stones contribute to formation of staghorn calculi consist of triple phosphate (calcium, magnesium, ammonium) due to infection with urea splitting organisms NH2CONH2+ H2O ––> 2NH3+ CO2 NH4 alkalinizes urine, thus decreasing solubility ❏ common organisms Proteus Klebsiella Pseudomonas Provididencia S. aureus not E. coli ❏ treatment complete stone clearance (ESWL/percutaneous nephrolithotomy) acidify urine, dissolve microscopic fragments antibiotics for 6 weeks follow up urine cultures

Uric Acid Stones ❏ account for 10% of all stones ❏ description and diagnosis orange coloured gravel, needle shaped crystals radiolucent on x-ray filling defect on IVP radiopaque on CT scan visualized with ultrasound

❏ etiology hyperuricosuria (urine pH < 5.5) secondary to increased uric acid production, or drugs (ASA and probenecid) hyperuricemia gout myeloproliferative disease cytotoxic drugs defect in tubular NH3synthesis (ammonia trap for H+) dehydration, IBD, colostomy and ileostomy ❏ treatment increase fluid intake NaHCO3 allopurinol avoid high protein/purine diet

Cystine Stones ❏ autosomal recessive defect in renal tubular transport ❏ seen in children ❏ aggressive stone disease ❏ description yellow, hard radiopaque (ground glass) staghorn or multiple decreased reabsorption of “COLA” cystine ornithine lysine }soluble in urine arginine ❏ diagnosis amino acid chromatography of urine ––> see COLA in urine

❏ treatment greatly increase water intake ––> 3-4 L urine/day HCO3 decrease dietary protein ––> methionine penicillamine chelators ––> 2 g daily, soluble complex formed; use cautiously a-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) ––> similar action to penicillamine, less toxic captopril (binds cystine) irrigating solutions: N-acetylcystine (binds cystine), Tromethamine-E