Alu Alu J AluJb AluJo Alu S Alu Sx Alu Sg Alu Sp Alu Sc Alu Sq Alu Y

Alu elements contain many binding sites for transcription factors and may play a role in regulation of debelopmental processes BMC Genomics 2006, 7:133

Distribution of Alu was found to be highly correlated with local GC content and with the density of genes and with intron density Density of Alu is higher in intragenic(12.5% of the nucleotides) than in intergenic regions(9.6% of the nucleotides) Alu elements are negatively selected in imprinted regions of primate genomes Almost 20% of the genes contain transposable elements in the 3’UTR Housekeeping genes contain more Alu than tissue specific genes Feature of Alus

The idea of Alu acting as a carrier of cis regularoty elements was suggested by Britten ; Evolutionary selection against change in many Alu repeat sequences interspersed through primate genomes(1994) Our findings show for the first time that TFs that are known to regulate the developmental processes may bind to Alu elements that are incorporated in the promoter regions of genes that need to be activated or suppressed during development

Alu elements within human mRNAs are probable microRNA targets Four microRNAs complementarity with MIR/LINE-2 elements At least some Alu elements within human mRNAs serve as microRNA targets TRENDS in Genetics

Figure 3. The predicted RNA secondary structure of the Alu consensus sequence. The prediction was made using the Mfold server [18] ( applications/mfold/old/rna/). The bases in bold (GCACUU) indicate the site on Alu that is hit by the 6-mer core sequence (AAGUGC).

There is no biological reason why Alu or other transposable elements within mRNAs should be regarded as unavailable for regulation by microRNAs Indeed mRNAs that contain multiple Alu elements within their 3’UTRs should be regarded as particularly promising targets

Human Genomic Deletions Mediated by Recombination between Alu Elements The Americal Journal of Human Genetics Volume 79 july 2006

Lab application 1. 기존의 실험 모델을 Alu 에 적용 – Alu 의 promoter 로서의 역할. 여러가지 경우의 다양한 Disscusion 이 가능. 2. miRNA 의 target 이 되는 서열의 확인을 통해 Alu 가 포함되어 있는 전사체의 운명 을 예측할 수 있으며 이를 질병에 적용시켜 실험에 응용할 수 있음 – polymorphis m 및 계통상에서의 연구 3. 논문에서 언급된 Alu 를 통한 Recombination 이 높은 homology 를 가진 LTR 서열 에서도 적용될 수 있을 것이며 계통상에서 보존된 유전자의 이상으로 인해 발생한 질병등에서 구조의 분석비교가 가능할 것이다.

이번 주 한 일 1. PERV promoter assay cloning 중 2. FPRL DSO control 잡았음 3. 홍콩 및 생명과학회 초록등록 완료 다음 주 할 일 1. 전체 조직에서의 FPRL2 realtime 실험 2. MOBP DSO control 잡기 및 전체 조직에서의 실험 3. 홈페이지 업뎃

8 MaLR 1’2’3’4’5’6’7’8’9’10’ AS2S2 Dorfin (RNF19) AluJ AS1 S1 RING-finger/IBR 8q22.2 ORF

Marker Adrenal gland Adult brain Fetal brain Fetal liver HeartKidney Liver Lung Bone marrow CerebellumSkeletal muscle Marker Placenta Spinal cord TestisThymusThyroid Trachea Uterus Prostate Dorfin Gapdh 494 bp 195 bp

Breast (N) Breast (C) Marker AAGGGAGCTAAATGGCGGGGTGGATGGAATTGCAAGTATTGAAAGTATAC RLEGNGDVIGA RLEGNGDVIGAIS GCACGGCCCAGCTGGATTTTGGACTTCTGGCCTCCAGAACTAGACAGGGC CTCACTGTGTCACCCAGGGTGGAATACAGTGGTGTGATCATAGCTCACTG CAGCCTGGAATTCCTGGGCTCAAGCAACCCTGCCACCTCAGCCTTCCAAG TAGCTAGGACTACAGAACATCCATGATAGCAGTCTTCTGTAAATCGAACT TTTCAAGAATTCTCTGAAGGAACCAAGTAGGATATTCTTACATCATGACT TAATGTGAATGCAAGAACAAGAAATAGGTTTTATCTCTAAATATAATGAA GGGCTGTGTGTAAACACTGACCCTGTCTCAATTCTAACAAGCATTTTAGA CATGAGTTTACATCGGCAAATGGGTTCAGATCGAGATCTTCAGTCCTCTG CTTCATCTGTGAGCTTGCCTTCAGTCAAAAAGGCACCCAAAAAAAGAAGA ATTTCAATAGGCTCCCTGTTTCGGAGGAAAAAAGATAACAAACGTAAATC AAGGGAGCTAAATGGCGGGGTGGATGGAATTGCAAGTATTGAAAGTATAC AGAAGCTGGAAGAGTCAAAGGACACATTCTCCCCTCAAGCCCCAGTGGGA GCACGGCCCAGCTGGATTTTGGACTTCTGGCCTCCAGAACTAGACAGGGC CTCACTGTGTCACCCAGGGTGGAATACAGTGGTGTGATCATAGCTCACTG CAGCCTGGAATTCCTGGGCTCAAGCAACCCTGCCACCTCAGCCTTCCAAG TAGCTAGGACTACAGAACATCCATGATAGCAGTCTTCTGTAAATCGAACT TTTCAAGAATTCTCTGAAGGAACCAAGTAGGATATTCTTACATCATGACT TAATGTGAATGCAAGAACAAGAAATAGGTTTTATCTCTAAATATAATGAA GGGCTGTGTGTAAACACTGACCCTGTCTCAATTCTAACAAGCATTTTAGA CATGAGTTTACATCGGCAAATGGGTTCAGATCGAGATCTTCAGTCCTCTG CTTCATCTGTGAGCTTGCCTTCAGTCAAAAAGGCACCCAAAAAAAGAAGA ATTTCAATAGGCTCCCTGTTTCGGAGGAAAAAAGATAACAAACGTAAATC Primer S2 Primer AS2 M Q E Q E I G F S K I Y G N E C L NV T P D SV I T L IS L D M L S RH Q G M DS R L D SQ S ASSSVLSPKVKPAKKR R RSIGISFLKRKNDRKKS ISSEI MLSRHQGMDSRLDSQS ASSSVLSPKVKPAKKR R RSIGISFLKRKNDRKKS SEI AluJ element AGAAGCTGGAAGAGTCAAAGGACACATTCTCCCCTCAAGCCCCAGTGGGA 556 bp 430 bp 315 bp (A)(B) (C) MaLR AluJ MaLR 2101 AluJ MaLR bp 115 bp 1) 2) 3) 1 2 3

LTR-derived promoter transcript (556 bp) LTR-derived promoter transcript (430 bp) Relative Expression

Reverse Forward Reverse Forward Control Relative Luciferase Activity (Fold of pGL-2 control) Cos7 HCT116

CCCCACAAAA GATATGTTCA TGTCCTAATC CCCAGAATCT GCAAATGTTA TTTGGAAAAA GGGGTTTTGC AGATGTAATT AAGTTAAGAA TCTTGAGATA AGATCATCCT GGATTATCCA GGTAGCCTCA AAATCAAGTG ACAAGTGTCT TTGTAAGGGA CAAGTAGACC CATTACAGAG AAGACGACGC GCAGAAAAGG AGGAAGCAGT GTGCTCATGG AGGCGGAGAT TGGAGTGATG TAACCGCAAG CCGAGGAATG CTTATAGTCA CCAGAAGCTG GAAGAGTCAA AGGACACATT CTCCCCTCAA GCCCCAGTGG GAGCACGGCC CAGCTGGATT TTGGACTTCT GGCCTCCAGA ACTGTAAGAG AAATGTCCAT TGTCTTAAGC CAACCAGTTT GTGGTAGTTT GTTACAGCAG CCCCAGGAAA CTACTA. GATA-1 GATA-2 Nkx2-5 WhnELF-1 +1 TRANSCRIPTION START SITE

Human Dog Pig Ccattle Mouse Rat Chicken Zebrafish

dogpigcattlemouseratchickenzebra fish Ka±SE0.011 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Ks±SE0.163 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Ka/Ks