Classification and Ecosystems

Warmup Classification is vital when grouping organisms and is commonly used throughout our daily lifes. Classify the content in your bookbag starting with the most vagues and getting more descriptive within each groups. Classification is vital when grouping organisms and is commonly used throughout our daily lifes. Classify the content in your bookbag starting with the most vagues and getting more descriptive within each groups. Shoes casual sports dress everyday boots toms sperrys runningbball heelsflats

Warmup: Trophic Level Autotroph or heterotroph Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer Human Snake Giraffe Deer Algae Jellyfish

Which level has the most energy?Which level has the most energy? Which level has the most organisms?Which level has the most organisms? Which level has the least organisms?Which level has the least organisms? Which level has the least energy?Which level has the least energy?

Recap… So far we’ve learned how natural selection explains change over time. Species are required to adapt, compete, vary, and overproduce in order to develop new traits that they deem most desirable. So far we’ve learned how natural selection explains change over time. Species are required to adapt, compete, vary, and overproduce in order to develop new traits that they deem most desirable. New species develop from ancestral species which displays the similarities and slight changes over the course of time. New species develop from ancestral species which displays the similarities and slight changes over the course of time.

Classifying Organisms As the worlds knowledge of different kinds of organisms expanded, so did our need to organize and group organisms together. As the worlds knowledge of different kinds of organisms expanded, so did our need to organize and group organisms together. Classification is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities. While taxonomy is responsible for grouping and naming organisms. Classification is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities. While taxonomy is responsible for grouping and naming organisms.

Scientists use different evidence to classify organisms Fossil evidence – showing how species evolved Fossil evidence – showing how species evolved Physical evidence – traits that tells a species apart Physical evidence – traits that tells a species apart Genetic evidence – DNA that supports physical evidence Genetic evidence – DNA that supports physical evidence A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms.

For example:

What animal is the chimp closely related to? What animal is the chimp closely related to? What animal is the chimp least related to? What animal is the chimp least related to?

Who is the closest relative of lizard and snakes?

Is their an easier way to classify organisms? A dichotomous key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. A dichotomous key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements (usually yes or no) based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements (usually yes or no) based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

How ecosystems are structured Species - a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Species - a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

How ecosystems are structured Population - a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time Population - a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time

How ecosystems are structured Community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area Community - a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area

How ecosystems are structured Ecosystem - a system made up of organisms as well as the abiotic factors in the area. Ecosystem - a system made up of organisms as well as the abiotic factors in the area.

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Abiotic – without life Abiotic – without life Biotic – life Biotic – life Can you think of some examples of these? Can you think of some examples of these? Abiotic – wind (air), water, soil, rocks Abiotic – wind (air), water, soil, rocks Biotic – plants and animals Biotic – plants and animals

Food chain A food chain is the simplest path that energy takes through an ecosystem. A food chain is the simplest path that energy takes through an ecosystem. Energy enters an ecosystem from the Sun Energy enters an ecosystem from the Sun The position of an organism within a food chain is called a trophic level. The position of an organism within a food chain is called a trophic level. Arrows shows a transfer of energy amongst organisms. It also shows what that organism eats and what organism consumes it. Arrows shows a transfer of energy amongst organisms. It also shows what that organism eats and what organism consumes it. Trophic levels use some of the energy in the process of cellular respiration… Trophic levels use some of the energy in the process of cellular respiration… C 6 H 12 O O 2 → 6 CO H 2 O + heat energy C 6 H 12 O O 2 → 6 CO H 2 O + heat energy Each level loses 90% of its energy due to heat and stores the remaining 10%. Each level loses 90% of its energy due to heat and stores the remaining 10%.

1 st Trophic level The first trophic level consists of producers (green plants) also known as autotrophs. The first trophic level consists of producers (green plants) also known as autotrophs. Producers capture the Sun’s energy during photosynthesis, and converts it to form simple sugars. Producers capture the Sun’s energy during photosynthesis, and converts it to form simple sugars. Autotrophs (producers) use some of the sugars for energy and converts others to organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) that is needed for the structure and functions of the organism. Autotrophs (producers) use some of the sugars for energy and converts others to organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) that is needed for the structure and functions of the organism. Examples of producers include plants and phytoplankton. Examples of producers include plants and phytoplankton.

2 nd Trophic level The second trophic level consists of primary consumers The second trophic level consists of primary consumers Primary consumers eat producers. Organisms that only eat plants are called herbivores. Primary consumers eat producers. Organisms that only eat plants are called herbivores. The herbivore uses some of the organic compounds for energy (10%) and much of the consumed energy is lost as heat (90%). The herbivore uses some of the organic compounds for energy (10%) and much of the consumed energy is lost as heat (90%). Examples of primary consumers include grasshoppers, rabbits and zooplankton. Examples of primary consumers include grasshoppers, rabbits and zooplankton.

3 rd and 4 th Trophic levels The third trophic level, or any higher trophic level, consists of consumers. The third trophic level, or any higher trophic level, consists of consumers. 3 rd level – are called secondary consumers and 4 th level are called tertiary consumers. 3 rd level – are called secondary consumers and 4 th level are called tertiary consumers. The consumer at the end of the food chain is also called the top carnivore The consumer at the end of the food chain is also called the top carnivore

3 rd and 4 th Trophic levels Consumers that eat other consumers are called carnivores ; consumers that eat both producers and consumers are called omnivores. Consumers that eat other consumers are called carnivores ; consumers that eat both producers and consumers are called omnivores. The carnivores or omnivores use some of the organic compounds for energy (10%) and much of the consumed energy is lost as heat (90%). The carnivores or omnivores use some of the organic compounds for energy (10%) and much of the consumed energy is lost as heat (90%). Examples of consumers include humans, wolves, frogs, and minnows. Examples of consumers include humans, wolves, frogs, and minnows.

More on Trophic levels Hetertrophs are organisms that cannot use the sun to make its own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that have to eat other organisms for energy. Hetertrophs are organisms that cannot use the sun to make its own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that have to eat other organisms for energy. Which trophic level are heterotrophs? Which trophic level are heterotrophs? A heterotroph that breaks down organic material and returns the nutrients to soil, water, and air making the nutrients available to other organisms is called a decomposer. A heterotroph that breaks down organic material and returns the nutrients to soil, water, and air making the nutrients available to other organisms is called a decomposer. Examples: fungi, mushrooms, earthworms, bacteria Examples: fungi, mushrooms, earthworms, bacteria

Examples of food chains and trophic levels

Food web A food web represents several interconnected food chains. It also shows the various paths that energy takes throughout an ecosystem. A food web represents several interconnected food chains. It also shows the various paths that energy takes throughout an ecosystem.

Brainpop anyone? havior/foodchains/ havior/foodchains/ havior/foodchains/ havior/foodchains/ fs fs fs fs

Numbers Pyramid The Numbers pyramid shows the number of individual organisms available for energy at each trophic level. The Numbers pyramid shows the number of individual organisms available for energy at each trophic level. It can be used to illustrate how one population affects another. It can be used to illustrate how one population affects another. The total numbers of individual organisms tend to decline as you move further up on the pyramid. The total numbers of individual organisms tend to decline as you move further up on the pyramid.

Energy Pyramids An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. Energy is measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J). An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. Energy is measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J). Organisms use energy to perform life functions but only some of the energy from an organism obtained will be available to the next organism in the food web.Organisms use energy to perform life functions but only some of the energy from an organism obtained will be available to the next organism in the food web. The "Rule of 10" says that only 10 percent of available energy passes from one trophic level to the next; the rest is lost as heat.The "Rule of 10" says that only 10 percent of available energy passes from one trophic level to the next; the rest is lost as heat. The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As you move up an energy pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.As you move up an energy pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

30 10% rule... 10% 90% lost as heat

31 10% rule diagrams... 10% 90% lost as heat

32 10% rule diagrams... 10% 90% lost as heat

33 How much energy is at each level? 1000 Cal ? Cal

34 How much energy is at each level? 1000 Cal 100 Cal 10 Cal 1 Cal 900 Cal as heat 9 Cal as heat 90 Cal as heat

Energy Pyramid

Biomass Pyramid: Biomass pyramid shows the amount of biomass in each trophic level. Since the number of organisms is reduced in each trophic level, biomass should be reduced as well.  Biomass is the mass (weight) of living organisms. Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels. Measured in kg, grams or pounds

Biomass Pyramid

Problems With Biomass Pyramid Biomass pyramids can make a trophic level look like it has more energy than it really does. For example: A bird has a beak, feathers and a skeleton that would count as biomass although it does not contribute to the overall flow of energy into the next trophic level since these parts aren’t consumed.

The End or is it just the beginning?