Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 Student Image Slides

Fig. 2.1 organisms FeCaKSPSiAlMgNaONCH Element Percent by Weight Earth’s crust Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold

Fig. 2.2 Subatomic Particles = proton = neutron = electron b. a. Particle Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Electron orbital +1 0 –1 1 1 ~0 Atomic MassLocation c. Electric Charge Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Groups I H He IIIIIIVVVIVII Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr VIII Periods 11

Fig. 2.6a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. electron electron orbital nucleus H C carbon 12 C 6 hydrogen 1 H 1

Fig. 2.6b N 7 nitrogen 14 N O Oxygen 16 O 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.6c P S Sulfur 32 S 16 Phosphorus 31 P 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. electron electron orbital nucleus H C O N P S 7 nitrogen 14 N carbon 12 C 6 Sulfur 32 S 16 Oxygen 16 O 8 Phosphorus 31 P 15 hydrogen 1 H 1

Fig. 2.7a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sodiumion (Na + ) sodium chloride (NaCl) sodium atom (Na)chlorine atom (Cl) Na Cl + Na – Cl chlorideion (Cl + ) a.

Fig. 2.8a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. HH HH Molecular Formula Structural Formula Electron Model a. Hydrogengas H2H2

Fig. 2.8b OO OO b. Oxygen gas O2O2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.8c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. c. Methane HH H H C HCH H H CH 4

Fig. 2.8d Space-filling Model Ball-and-stick Model H H H H 109° hydrogen carbon covalent bond d. Methane–continued Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.8a,c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. c. Methane HH H H C H C H H H2H2 HH HH H Molecular Formula Structural Formula Electron Model a. Hydrogengas CH 4

Fig. 2.8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Space-filling ModelBall-and-stick Model c. Methane H H H H 109° HH H H C HCH H OO OO O2O2 H2H2 HH HH H Molecular Formula Structural Formula Electron Model a. Hydrogengas b. Oxygen gas CH 4 hydrogen carbon covalent bond d. Methane–continued

Fig. 2.9a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ++ ++ –– H HH Hydrogens are partially positive. O Ball-and-stick ModelElectron ModelSpace-filling Model H O O HH Oxygen attracts the shared electrons and is partially negative. a. W ater (H 2 O) 104.5°

Fig. 2.9b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ++ ++ –– H H O b. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules hydrogen bond

Fig. 2.9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ++ ++ –– ++ ++ –– H HH Hydrogens are partially positive. O Ball-and-stick ModelElectron ModelSpace-filling Model H O H H O O HH b. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules Oxygen attracts the shared electrons and is partially negative. hydrogen bond a. W ater (H 2 O) 104.5°

Page 27 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H H HH HHH H HH H ++ ++ ++ ++ HH O O OO OO –– –– Cl – Na +

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. liquid water ice lattice

Page 28 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. water hydrogen ion hydroxide ion

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. hydrochloric acid stomach acid lemon juice soda, beer, vinegar tomatoes bread, black coffee normal rainwater root beer, urine milk pure water, tears human blood egg whites, seawater baking soda, stomach antacids Great Salt Lake household ammonia oven cleaner sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Page 29 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. pH 1 × × × [H + ] (moles per liter) = = =

Page 31 HCCCCCCCCH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 31 PolymerMonomer carbohydrate (e.g., starch)monosaccharide proteinamino acid nucleic acidnucleotide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig monomer OHH H b. a. monomer dehydration reaction hydrolysis reaction H2OH2O H2OH2O Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. OH H H H H HO OH H O C C C C C H H H HO OH H O O CH 2 OH C 6 H 12 O 6

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. OHHO HH O ++ OOOO ++ CH 2 OH glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 monosaccharide CH 2 OH dehydration reaction hydrolysis reaction CH 2 OH maltose C 12 H 22 O 11 disaccharide H2OH2O water

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + COHH H C H C C H H H H COH H COH C O H H C H C H C H H C O C H H H C HO H C H C H C H H C C C H H H O C H HHH C H C H C H H C O HO C H H C H H H C H HHH C H C H C H H C O C H H C H H H C H HHH C H C H C H H C O H C H HHH C H C H C H H H + 3 H 2 O glycerol3 fatty acidsfat molecule dehydration reaction hydrolysis reaction 3 water molecules

Page 34 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. polar end nonpolar end + emulsifier emulsification fat

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 CH 2 – O – O R – O – P – O – 3 CH 2 2 CH – O O O O C C CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 3 inside cell outside cell Fatty acids a. Plasma membrane of a cell Nonpolar Tails Polar Head glycerol phosphate b. Phospholipid structure

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. HO CH 3 OH O CH 3 OH a. Testosteroneb. Estrogen

Fig. 2B 1 / 2 1 / 2 MILKFRUITSGRAINS Eat 6 oz. every day Eat 2 cups every day Eat 2 cups every day Consume 3 cups every day; ages 2–8, 2 cups Eat 5 oz. every day Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. VEGE TABLES MEAT & BEANS

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H CH 3 C C O O–O– H CH CH 3 CC O O–O– H CH 2 SH CC O O–O– H CH 2 CC O O–O– H3N+H3N+ H3N+H3N+ H3N+H3N+ H3CH3C H3N+H3N+

Page 37 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. peptide bond

Fig. 2.24a HNCC amino acid OH HH R O NCC amino acid acidic groupamino group O HR H OH H Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.24b dehydration reaction H2OH2O water H H R HNCCNCC H H R O peptide bond dipeptide O OH hydrolysis reaction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig dehydration reaction H2OH2O water H H R HNCCNCC H H R O peptide bond dipeptide HNCC amino acid OH HH R O NCC amino acid acidic groupamino group O HR H OH O H hydrolysis reaction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 2.25a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  (alpha) helix H3N+H3N+ COO – amino acid peptide bond hydrogen bond C N CH R C R C N C R C N C R N C R N R N C N R hydrogen bond  (beta) pleated sheet

Fig. 2.25b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  (alpha) helix disulfide bond  (beta) pleated sheet

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.  (alpha) helix H3N+H3N+ COO – amino acid peptide bond disulfide bond hydrogen bond C N CH R C R C N C R C N C R N C R N R N C N R hydrogen bond  (beta) pleated sheet

Page 39 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. O 4' 5' 3' 2' 1' –OPO O O– phosphate nitrogen- containing base pentose sugar Nucleotide structure C S C

Page 39 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. S C O 4' 5' 3' 2' 1' nitrogen- containing base pentose sugar phosphate P

Table 2.1

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A A T T G G C S S S P P P P S P S P S S P S P P C A A A T T T G G C C S S P a. b. c. one nucleotide a: © Radius Images/Alamy RF

Fig. 2.26c Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. S S S P P P P S P S P S S P S P P A A A T T T G G C C S S P one nucleotide c.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. + + energy PPP PPP H2OH2O

Page 42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. electron electron orbital nucleus hydrogencarbon H C 12 C 6 1H1H 1

Page 42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. –– H H O ++ ++

Page 42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. waterhydrogen ion hydroxide ion

Page 42 O OO HH H H OHH O O HH H H O O HH H H HH O O HH H H H CH 2 OH Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inside cell outside cell

Page 43 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C N CH R C R C N C R C N C R N C R N R N C N R hydrogen bond  (alpha) helix

Page 43 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A A T T G G C C