Industrial Revolution

New Major Industries  Railroads  Congress approves the Transcontinental Railroad Transcontinental Railroad Transcontinental Railroad  Union & Central Pacific  Tracks joined in 1869  Cornelius Vanderbilt  Changed commerce  Sears Roebuck Co.  Steel  Grew due to railroads  Andrew Carnegie

New Industries and Inventions  Oil  Standard Oil Company  John D. Rockefellar  Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell  Electric Light Bulb  Thomas Edison  Automobile  Henry Ford  Assembly line to increase production John D. Rockefellar Henry Ford And his Model T

Industry and Reform  Huge population growth in cities  Immigrants from other countries  Farm kids  Poor Working Conditions  Long working hours  Dangerous conditions in factories  Labor Unions Women working in a book factory

Anti-Trusts  Monopoly - the complete control of an industry by one person or company  Does not allow competition between companies  Raises cost of products  Sherman Anti-Trust Act was passed in 1890  Made monopolies illegal The Sherman Anti-Trust law was aimed at men like Rockefeller and Carnegie, but it also affects modern businessmen like Bill Gates.

City Life at the Turn of the Century  Many people moved to cities. Why?  Factory jobs  Tenements housed many workers  Often run down, dirty, and overcrowded  New buildings constructed  Multiple stories  Cities started public water and transportation systems  Public services also included fire and police depts. An Italian Neighborhood in New York City

Muckrakers  Group of writers who started investigative journalism  Exposed problems such as factory conditions, child labor, and business and political corruption  Ida Tarbell  Corruption in oil industry  Upton Sinclair  The Jungle exposed unsanitary conditions in meatpacking industry Ida Tarbell exposed problems in the oil industry Upton Sinclair exposed problems in the food industry

Women’s Suffrage  Fight for the vote and equal rights  Movement leaders included:  Susan B. Anthony  19 th Amendment  Guarantees the right to vote for women  Passed in 1920

Suffragettes  Marches, speeches, and rallies used to protest Women’s Rights

Environmental Conservation  John Muir  America’s first conservationist  Focus on California (Yosemite)  National Parks  Established by Teddy Roosevelt after a camping trip with Muir  1 st park: Yellowstone (WY) Teddy Roosevelt and John Muir at Yosemite

African-American Rights  Wilmington, 1898  Violence between white and African-American citizens  Started after a series of newspaper articles  Ended Republican rule in NC  Begins segregation in NC  Jim Crow laws  Sets up segregation  Division based on race  School, public places (water fountains, transportation, etc.) Burned newspaper office following violence in Wilmington, 1898

African-American Rights, continued  Plessy vs. Ferguson  US Supreme Court legalizes segregation  “separate but equal” is Constitutional  Citizens could be separated based on race as long as they were given equal facilities  Voting limitations  Poll tax  Pay fee to vote  Higher fee for African-Americans  Literacy test  Pass reading test to vote  Grandfather clause  If your grandfather could not vote, you could not vote

Turn of the Century NC

New Industry in North Carolina  Textiles  By 1900, NC was 2nd largest producer of cotton textiles  Tobacco  American Tobacco Company  James B. Duke  Furniture  High Point Furniture Manufacturing Company

North Carolina Reformers  Thomas Day  Cabinetmaker  Harriet Morehead Berry  “Good Roads State”  suffragist  Dorothea Dix  Educational reform  Mentally ill - hospital Dorothea Dix Harriet Morehead Berry Chapel Hill Road, circa 1900

Farm Changes in North Carolina  Many people did not own land  Sharecropping- paying rent with crops  New machinery

Education Improvements in NC  4-month school term  Students age 6-21  New funding  Local taxes  General Assembly  High schools started  New school districts  Help not given to schools for African- Americans  Schools fell behind