ID: (“It”) Irrational emotional part of the mind. Aggressive, instinctive, motivated by self preservation. “I want it and I want it now!” (Infant) No regard for the needs of others Animal nature of man SUPER EGO: (Above Self) The moral part of us Put other’s needs before our own Strive for perfection (Jesus, Gandhi) Controls the ID in the absence of society. EGO: (“Self”) Rational mind, adult Reasonable, compromising Learns ways to handle the ID Controls the ID because of the consequences. (rules)

“In the state of nature men mostly kept their promises and honored their obligations. Humans know what is right and wrong, and are capable of knowing what is lawful and unlawful well enough to resolve conflicts.” -- John Locke 17 th Century English Philosopher 17 th Century English Philosopher

“Man in his natural state is quarrelsome and turbulent.” -- Thomas Hobbs 17 th Century English Philosopher Without laws and society, humans revert back to a brutish, aggressive state.

Buddah “The Enlightened One” At the time of his awakening he realized complete insight into the cause of suffering. He went on to enlighten others with his knowledge derived from his experiences.

The White Man’s Burden

What is Imperialism? What is Imperialism? What is the “White Man’s Burden? What is the “White Man’s Burden?

The White Man’s Burden Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man's burden- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to naught. Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you.

King Leopold II of Belgium

Belgian Congo

The Sacred Mission of Civilization King Leopold II Our refined society attaches to human life a value unknown to barbarous communities. When our directing will is implanted among them its aim is to triumph over obstacles... But if, in view of this desirable spread of civilization, we count upon the means of action which confer upon us dominion... It is not less true that our ultimate end is a work of peace. Our refined society attaches to human life a value unknown to barbarous communities. When our directing will is implanted among them its aim is to triumph over obstacles... But if, in view of this desirable spread of civilization, we count upon the means of action which confer upon us dominion... It is not less true that our ultimate end is a work of peace.

His Brother’s Keeper Richard Harding Davis The soldiers, to show that they did not expend the cartridges extravagantly... for each cartridge brought in a human hand, the hand of a man, woman, or child. These hands, drying in the sun, could be seen at the posts along the river. They are no longer in evidence. Neither is the flower bed... which was bordered with human skulls. A quaint conceit. The man to blame for the atrocities, for each separate atrocity, is Leopold. The soldiers, to show that they did not expend the cartridges extravagantly... for each cartridge brought in a human hand, the hand of a man, woman, or child. These hands, drying in the sun, could be seen at the posts along the river. They are no longer in evidence. Neither is the flower bed... which was bordered with human skulls. A quaint conceit. The man to blame for the atrocities, for each separate atrocity, is Leopold.

Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness in 1899

He was born in Russian controlled Ukraine of Polish parents. He was born in Russian controlled Ukraine of Polish parents. His first language was Polish. His first language was Polish. At sixteen he ran away to sea first working for the French and then the English. At sixteen he ran away to sea first working for the French and then the English. He was attracted to the English language and, when he gave up the sea at 36 to become a writer, he wrote in English. He was attracted to the English language and, when he gave up the sea at 36 to become a writer, he wrote in English. His experiences at sea formed the background to most of his writing. His experiences at sea formed the background to most of his writing.

The Congo River