Earth’s atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet and makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things. Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several different atmospheric layers extending from Earth’s surface outward: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Exosphere The Steaks Must Thaw In Europe!

Troposphere Lowest layer –where all plants and animals live and breathe Where weather takes place Contains 99% of the H2O vapor and 75% of the atmospheric gases Temperature decreases with altitude Extends 10 km up

Stratosphere Ozone in this layer stops many of the sun's harmful rays from reaching the earth –Ozone is made up of 3 oxygen atoms bonded together People can not breathe in this layer. extends from 10 km to 50 km above the Earth’s surface Ozone layer depletion over time

Mesosphere T decreases with altitude This is where we see "falling stars" – meteors burning up as they fall to Earth Within this layer is the ionosphere –Electronically charged particles The ionosphere helps the transmission of radio waves Extends from 50 km to 85 km above the Earth’s surface

Thermosphere Named for its high temperatures Layer of the atmosphere which is first exposed to the Sun's radiation and so is first heated by the Sun. The air is very thin The temperature dependent on solar activity. Contains an ionosphere layer Thickest layer that extends from 85 km to 500km

Exosphere The space shuttle orbits Earth in the exosphere Has very few molecules Beyond the Exosphere is outer space

Ozone Layer Pale blue gas with a strong odor. 90% of all ozone is found in the stratosphere 10% is found in the troposphere Ozone is extremely important because it is the only gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and protects the surface of the Earth and people from the damaging effects of UV rays MENU

Troposphere pressure decreases The air pressure, the force exerted by the gases pushing on an object, is greatest near the surface of Earth, in the troposphere. · Air pressure decreases through the layers farther out from the surface as Earth’s pull of gravity decreases. Troposphere pressure Decreases Exosphere MENU

Wind Wind is the movement of air as a result of differences in air pressure.

There are two types of air masses: 1. Continental Polar air masses 2. Maritime Tropical air masses

Chapter 19 Section 3Spring 2006, Pflugerville ISD The way the wind blows depends on the rotation of the Earth. The wind blows in a curved path due to the rotation of the Earth called the coriolis effect. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds

Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect is the curving of moving objects caused by the Earth’s rotation. The Coriolis effect does affect an airplane pilot’s flight path. Because the Earth is rotating, the pilot must make a correction, otherwise, they will end up at the wrong destination.

High pressure causes air to sink Usually results in several days of clear sunny skies Air rises in low pressure areas and forms water droplets Can results in rain and storms

High pressure systems usually signal more fair weather with winds circulating around the system in a clockwise direction. Low pressure systems with counterclockwise circulating winds often result in rainy and/or stormy weather conditions. Highs & Lows VideoHighs & Lows Video 1:33 LIFTHEAVY

Weather Maps: Pressure & Temperature

A front is the boundary separating air masses of different densities Fronts extend both vertically and horizontally in the atmosphere

1. Cold Front: The zone where cold air is replacing warmer air In U.S., cold fronts usually move from northwest to southeast Air gets drier after a cold front moves through

MAP TAP Weather Fronts20 Warm Front Warm air mass replacing a cooler air mass. Shown on a weather map by a red line with half circles pointing the direction the warm air is moving. Back to activity

2. In U.S., warm fronts usually move from southwest to northeast Air gets more humid after a warm front moves through

MAP TAP Weather Fronts22 Comparing Warm and Cold Fronts Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts. The weather activity in a cold front is often violent and happens directly at the front. Cold fronts have sudden gusty winds high in the air creating turbulence. The weather activity in a warm front generally happens before the front passes. In a warm front the cloud formation is very low often creating situations of poor visibility.

3. Stationary Front: When either a cold or warm front stops moving When the front starts moving again it returns to either being a cold or warm front

MAP TAP Stationary Fronts Shown on a weather map with alternating red semicircles pointing away from the warm air and blue triangles pointing away from the cold air. Back to activity

4. Occluded Front: Formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front This occurrence usually results in storms over an area In U.S., the colder air usually lies to the west

MAP TAP Weather Fronts26 Occluded Fronts When a warm front is trapped by 2 cold fronts. Shown on a weather map by a purple line with alternating triangles and semicircles pointing the direction the front is moving. Back to activity

Locate the 4 types of fronts on this weather map. Hint 1 Hint 2 Hint 3 Hint 4

Weather Fronts28 Be a Weather Forecaster You are planning to travel to Alabama in 2 days. The high temperature there for today is 68 º F. Use the map to help you predict whether the temperature in Alabama will increase, decrease, or stay the same. Explain why you think so.

29 Be a Weather Forecaster There is a cold front approaching. The temperatures will probably be cooler behind the front.

The driving energy source for heating of Earth and circulation in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the Sun and is known as solar energy. Some of the Sun’s energy coming through Earth’s atmosphere is reflected or absorbed by gases and/or clouds in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse Effect Solar energy that is absorbed by the Earth’s land and water is changed to heat that moves/radiates back into the atmosphere (troposphere) where gases absorb the heat, a process known as the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse Animation

Land heats up and releases heat quickly, but water needs to absorbs lots of solar energy to warm up This property of water allows it to warm more slowly but also to release the heat energy more slowly It is the water on Earth that helps to regulate the temperature range of Earth’s atmosphere.

Because warm air near Earth’s surface rises and then cools as it goes up, a convection current is set up in the atmosphere. There are three atmospheric convection areas in the northern hemisphere and three in the southern hemisphere.

Move in the direction of trade winds (hurricanes) If hurricanes enter a westerly wind belt they often turn in direction of prevailing system Tropical Weather Systems

Jet Stream Fast moving ribbon of air that moves around Earth Dips and bends & is constantly changes positions Air masses & weather systems in its path are moved by the fast moving air Polar jet stream bring cold polar conditions from north Subtropical jet stream bring warm tropical conditions from south

Storms · Severe weather conditions called storms occur when pressure differences cause rapid air movement. · Conditions that bring one kind of storm can also cause other kinds of storms in the same area.

Thunderstorm is storm with thunder, lightning, heavy rains and strong winds; form within large cumulonimbus clouds; usually form along a cold front but can form within an air mass.

A tornado is a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that extends down from a storm cloud; the very low pressure and strong winds can cause great damage to people and property. Tornadoes are likely to form within the frontal regions where strong thunderstorms are also present.

A hurricane is a low pressure tropical storm that forms over warm ocean water; winds form a spinning circular pattern around the center, or eye, of the storm. The lower the air pressure at the center, the faster the winds blow toward the center of the storm.

On a small scale, convection currents near bodies of water can cause local winds known as land and sea breezes.

The surface currents of Earth’s oceans that circulate warm and cold ocean waters in convection patterns also influence the weather and climates of the landmasses nearby. The warm Gulf Stream current water influences the eastern Atlantic shoreline of the United States, while the cold California current influences its western Pacific shoreline. Because of the unequal heating of Earth, climate zones (tropical, temperate, and polar) occur.

Global winds and the jet stream have an effect on weather and climatic conditions on Earth. Global winds are found in each convection region. Because convection cells are in place in the atmosphere and Earth is spinning on its axis, these global winds appear to curve. This is known as the Coriolis effect. MENU

In the global wind belt regions, the prevailing direction of the winds and how air movement in these large regions affects weather conditions. The trade winds blow from east to west in the tropical region moving warm tropical air in that climate zone.

The prevailing westerly winds blow from west to east in the temperate region. The temperate zone temperatures are affected most by the changing seasons, but since the westerly wind belt is in that region, the weather systems during any season move from west to east. Since the United States is in the westerly wind belt, the weather systems move across the country from west to east.

Convection can cause global winds. These winds then move weather systems and surface ocean currents in particular directions. Due to the spinning of Earth, the weather systems in these regions move in certain directions because the global wind belts are set up.