Reflect upon … (1) What events led to the rise of Adolf Hitler to power? (2) From World History, last year, what do you recall about events that led to the beginning of World War Two?

Totalitarianism Complete control over its citizens Government leaders can act indiscriminately Individuals have limited civil rights and opposition is suppressed, especially if individual interests are contradictory to those of the state. – The government is more important than the individual.

Political Ideologies ConservativeLiberal Big Government Small Government Communism Fascism Tea Party Movement / Libertarian - Low taxes Libertarian - Avoid warfare Anarchist SPD – Social Democratic Party - Voting reforms - Worker’s rights Catholic Center Party - Morality issues German National Peoples’ Party NSDAP KPD

Reading Chapter 13, Section One, answer the following questions … (1) What interests (groups of people) in Italian and German societies supported the fascists? (2) How did the Soviet Union change in the 1920’s and 1930’s? (3) Why did Japan invade Manchuria (in China) in the 1930’s? (4) Is there a common cause that links the political changes / developments in all of these countries?

Fascism in Italy

Fascism “All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” – Benito Mussolini This is a political system / philosophy that stresses: – Nation more important than individual (Strong govt.) – National security at the expense of individual freedom – Supports capitalism and private property A dictator is needed. Often allies w/ religious factions

Founder of fascism Dreamed of an empire & reliving past glories Italy & Benito Mussolini March on Rome 22 – 29 Oct. of 1922

Socialism Can exist along-side democracy and capitalism Not necessarily anti-religious Government-ownership of some aspects of economy and an attempt to “share the profits of society.”

Communism “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need” – Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto Political system advocating one-party rule, anti-democratic Anti-nationalistic, “Workers of the World, Unite” Strict control over civil rights & anti-religious – Religion is the “Opiate of the masses,” according to Karl Marx Strict control of the economy and society, an “extreme form” of socialism. Technically, a “command economy” Through use of “collectives” or “communes” there is no private property.

Soviet Union & Joseph Stalin Russian Civil War, 1917 – 1922 Soviet Union founded on Dec. 30, , began restricting individual liberties Joseph Stalin and “Five Year Plans” By 1937, 2 nd most industrialized country

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? Quote One: “The stronger must dominate the weaker and not blend with the weaker, thus sacrificing his own greatness. … All great cultures of the past perished only because the originally creative race died out from blood poisoning.”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What do each of these quotes mean? Quote Two: “With every means he tries to subjugate. … Culturally, he contaminates art, literature, the theater, makes a mockery of natural feeling, overthrows all concepts of beauty and sublimity, of the noble and the good, and instead drags men down …”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler ** What is Hitler referring to in this quote below? Quote Three: “The defeats of the battlefield in August 1918 would have been child’s play to bear. They stood in no proportions to the victories of our people. It was not [the defeats] which caused our downfall; no, it was brought about by that Power [Jews and Marxists] which prepared these defeats by systematically over many decades robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces…”

Nazi Germany & Adolf Hitler Already discussed major events bringing him to power Hitler’s Ideology In Mein Kampf (1923), major points … [1] – Uniting all German-speaking people [2] – Racial purification and a master “Aryan” race [3] – Germany needs “lebensraum” or living space for national expansion

Aryan supremacy was one goal. Lebensraum “living room” or “living space” the other.

The Beginning of German Aggression - A Portent of Things to Come … 1933 – Germany pulls out of League of Nations 1935 – Hitler continues build-up of army 1936 – Militarization of the Rhineland ** What was Hitler’s purpose in occupying the Rhineland?

Alliances Leading to Axis Powers of WWII Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) – Response to Spanish Civil War ( ) – Between Republicans / Communists vs. Fascists Anti-Comintern Pact – Anti-communism pact – First between Germany & Japan (1936) – Italy joins (1937) Tripartite Pact (1940) – Axis Powers formed

Why Did European Leaders Not Take a More Aggressive Stand Against Hitler? Reasons European Leaders to Believe Hitler’s Aggression was Limited: - First, avoid a repeat of WWI - Second, some of Hitler’s demands were thought reasonable - Third, assumption Nazis wanted peace - Fourth, many leaders feared Communist U.S.S.R. more

The Anschluss, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia Why the occupation of the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia? Why annexing Austria?

– March 12, 1938, Germany troops enter Austria – Hitler avoids referendum – April, a referendum occurs Austria: – Austrian prime minister, Kurt Schuschnigg, agrees to referendum The Anschluss, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia

Germany Enters Austria

Sudetenland Crisis - By 1938, there are 3 million Germans living in this region in Czechoslovakia

Munich Conference & Agreement Appeasement – signed September 30, 1938, Hitler gets Sudetenland and France & Great Britain get peace - Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister “Peace in our time”

Germany Enters Sudetenland

– Sept., 30, 1938, leads to the immediate occupation – This mountainous region was militarily strategic – March 15, 1939, German troops take the rest of Czechoslovakia The Rhineland, Anschluss, Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia: – Hitler claims mistreatment by Czechs

Why Did European Leaders Not Take a More Aggressive Stand Against Hitler? Heading … “Remember … One More Lollypop, and Then You All Go Home?”

Russian-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact – Aug. 23, 1939 U.S.S.R. & Germany avoid war – Hitler avoids two fronts – Gives Stalin time to mobilize Russia & Germany divide Eastern Europe