After 40 years on the throne Elizabeth dies without an heir

King James I Mary Queen of Scots son James I becomes king, uniting England and Scotland into what is known as Great Britain. James writes a book called The True Law of Monarchies in which he argues that……….

He was sent by God to rule Divine Right Theory Kings are sent by God to rule over people because people are naturally bad

Thomas Hobbes In his book Leviathan Hobbes agrees that humans are naturally bad but refutes the divine right of kings, instead he says that humans sign a “social contract” Social Contract Theory Humans unite into political societies by a process of mutual consent in which they agree to abide by the laws in return for protection from violence

Nature is chaos because humans are self interested beings So humans enter into civil society by “signing “ a social contract Humans give up their rights in return for security Abuse of authority is the price you pay for safety The best type of government is absolute monarchy

GOD Before Hobbes After Hobbes

King James I James I signs a charter to found a colony in the New World and begins persecuting a new religious group called Puritans. James I also forcibly transplanted Scots who were not loyal to him to Ireland where they became known as Ulster-Scots or Scotch-Irish

Jamestown 1607 Plymouth 1620

Puritans in Parliament In response to James Puritans begin getting elected to Parliament and eventually control the House of Commons

Charles I I was sent by God

What’s Up Chuck - Believed in Divine Right Theory “King was sent by God to rule you” - Married a Catholic - Dissolved Parliament - Quartered Soldiers - Persecuted Puritans like his Father did - Went against the Magna Carta by raising taxes without the permission of Parliament -Imposes Martial Law - Was forcing people to give him loans - Arbitrary arresting of individuals - Exemption of due process for officials

English Civil War Parliament Oliver Cromwell VS The Crown King Charles I To Kill a King

The Common Wealth Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector

The Common Wealth -Considered a Republic but it was run directly by Cromwell, sometimes called a “crowned republic” - No drinking, gambling, dancing, or wearing of colors - Oliver Cromwell’s son Richard succeeded him after his death, but Parliament and the army refused to take his orders so he relinquished the title of Lord Protector

The Return of the King

Charles II A Closet Catholic

Parliament tells Charles II he can be King if………………………….. He signs the Petition of Right

Petition of Right – British constitutional document that prohibits the King from infringing upon specific individual liberties that include -Only Parliament can raise taxes - Bans the quartering of soldiers - Establishes Habeas Corpus - King can not declare Martial Law in peace -Enforces Due Process

Habeas Corpus – the government must have “body of evidence” to detain a person Due Process – The Principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights owed to a person under the law. Every person is treated equally under the law

John Locke In his book The Second Treatises of Government Locke argued that when humans are born they are a………………. It's your duty

Tabula Rasa Or Blank slate, that we have no innate knowledge, rather we go through life acquiring knowledge through our senses and perceptions, therefore if all humans are blank slates then we are all…….

Locke is the first to philosopher to state that “all men are created equal”, it was an extremely radical idea for it’s time

Because we are born as “blank slates” the we are individuals that we have created ourselves. We own our bodies, our minds and the time that we spend on this Earth Because of this we are born with three rights, life, liberty and estate. Government did not give us these rights, nature gave us these rights. Humans created government in order to protect these rights.

Locke goes on to say that if the government does not protect these rights, it is the duty of the people to overthrow the government and create one that will protect those rights Duty

Nature’s creator gives all humans three natural rights at birth, life, liberty and estate Because of this all men are created equal Humans create government to protect those rights If that government doesn’t protect those rights it is the duty of the people to overthrow it The best type of government is a constitutional democratic republic

Constitution Legal Code Invaders

King James II An out of the closet Catholic

Parliament is worried that he might try to return England to Catholicism…………..so they ask William and Mary to come be King and Queen of England……………….but there is a catch

The Glorious Revolution, James II runs away and so England gets King William and Queen Mary And they sign……………………

The English Bill of Rights 1689

The English Bill of Rights – 1689 All British Subjects - Right to petition - Right to elect members of parliament - Freedom from standing armies - Right to bear arms - Freedom of Speech - Gave Parliament the sole power of taxation - no cruel and unusual punishment

Queen Mary II

Queen Anne

King George I But there is a problem……………..

He doesn’t speak English………………….. So he lets Sir Robert Walpole run the government…….

England’s First Prime Minister………… who is chosen by a majority of Parliament to run the government, the Prime Minister chooses a “Cabinet” to help This leads to the formation of two political parties who battle each other for control of Parliament and the leader of the majority party becomes Prime Minister ToriesWhigs Prime Minister The Crown

Political Party – organization of likeminded individuals who seek to gain power through the majority and control the government

Conservative – promotes traditional institutions and gradual and slow change within society Liberal – promotes change in society and a move away from traditions Moderate – promotes a position that is in between the liberal and conservative positions Radical – promotes a position that is outside of the positions of liberal and conservative

L C M R R Starting Point Wants to move away from starting point Wants to go back to a previous starting point

Constitutional Monarchy – type of government where a monarchs power is limited by a constitution “unwritten” Constitution – England’s constitution is not one document but instead the combination of multiple documents (Magna Carta, Petition of Right and the English Bill of Rights)