Chapter 11 Section 1 World War I Begins

MAIN causes of WWI Militarism -Great Britain and Germany in arms race Alliances -Germany formed the Triple Alliance -Triple Entente was formed Imperialism -smaller countries getting taken over by larger countries. Germany in competition with France and G.B Nationalism -Balkan Crisis

Balkan Crisis - Balkan countries wanted their independence - Self-determination - Serbia gained independence -want other nations to gain independence from Austria-Hungary - Austria-Hungary refuses

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by the Black Hands Set off a chain of events that sparked WWI  Austria declared war on Serbia  Germany declared war on Russia  Two days later, Germany declares war on France  Germany marches through Belgium  Britain declares war on Germany and Austria Hungary

The Allies fight for the Triple Entente Central Powers fight for the Triple Alliance Italy switches sides Battle of the Marne one of the first battles Germany and France become locked in a stalemate along trenches… no mans land Battle of Somme Trench warfare caused britain 60,000 causualties on the 1 st day

American Neutrality Wilson declares US neutral Americans began showing support British used propaganda American prosperity was tied to the war

Moving Toward War British blockaded Germany and redefined contraband Germany used U-boats Violated an international treaty Lusitania- 128 Americans killed US ordered Germany to stop U-boat strikes

Sussex Pledge Arthur Zimmerman Mexico could regain territory Zimmerman telegram was intercepted Germany went against the Sussex pledge April 6, 1917 the US declared war against Germany

The War at Home

Organizing Industry -Wilson agrees that govt. should not control the economy -Cooperation between businesses and govt. -War Industries Board (WIB) -Bernard Baruch -Food Administration (most successful) -Herbert Hoover

-Asked to plant victory gardens -Fuel Administration asked to conserve coal and oil -Daylight savings time was introduced

-$32 billion was spent -Raised taxes -Sold Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds

Mobilizing Workforce -National War Labor Board was est. -Women took on factory and manufacturing jobs -African Americans left to take on jobs in the North… Great Migration -Mexicans moved also moved North -All three faced discrimination

Ensuring Public Support -The Committee on Public Information -headed by George Creel -Used pamphlets and speeches

-Espionage became a problem -Espionage Act was passed -Sedition Act was passed -Anti-German feelings -Schneck v. the U.S… limited an individual’s freedom of speech

American Power Tips the Balance American Power Tips the Balance

Raising an Army Selective Service Act June 5, million men registered- 6,400,000 actually called into service African Americans served in segregated units Some received high military honor- Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts Women Army Corps of Nurses, not enlisted Non combat positions as nurses, secretaries, telephone operators

Mass Production Problem with Germans sinking ships with men, food, and equipment Exempt shipyard workers from the draft U.S. Chamber of Commerce started a campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work Shipyards used prefabricated parts Government took over commercial and private ships and converted them for war use

America Turns the Tide Convoy System 230 mile barrier of mines Doughboys American Expeditionary Force led by John J. Pershing

New Weapons -Trench Warfare -Protect from rapid fire machine guns -No mans land -Poison gas -Gas mask -Tanks- first by British -Airplanes- first used to scout out enemy lines, later used as dogfights -Eddie Rickenbacker v Manfred von Richthofen

War Introduces New Hazards Filth, lice, rats, polluted water Poison gas and decaying bodies Shell shock Trench foot and trench mouth

American Troops Go on the Offensive Russia pulls out of the war in Communism Focus only on the Western Front 50 miles from Paris- America keeps the Germans out in the Battle of Cantigny America begins to build offense in the Argonne Forest at St. Mihiel

American War Hero Alvin York Exemption as a conscientious objector Agreed to fight armed with only a rifle and a revolver Fought for Pershing in the Argonne Took control of troop, captured 132 prisoners, killed 25 Germans Medal of Honor recipient

The Collapse of Germany Nov. 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies German soldiers and sailors mutinied against govt. 11/11 at 11:00 Germany signs an armistice

Final Toll Bloodiest war in history up to this point 22 million deaths, half were civilians 20 million wounded 10 million refugees $338 billion America lost 48,000 and another 62,000 dying of disease

Wilson Fights for Peace

Paris Peace Conference “Big Four” 27 countries participated Defeated powers were not invited Six months to reach treaty agreement on Germany Other treaties The “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference, 1919

A sign in Paris reading “Long Live Wilson” Wilson and French President Raymond Poincare in Paris Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” Wilson’s plan for a “peace without victory” 1-5: prevented another war 6-13:self determination and boundary changes 14: most important- League of Nations

Versailles Treaty -was the end result of WWI -Signed by Germany -Forced Germany to pay $33 billion in reparations -Stripped Germany of its armed forces -Also established 9 new countries Yugoslav delegates at Paris Peace Conference Hall of Mirrors during the peace signing

League of Nations Part of the Versailles Treaty U.S. Senate rejects the treaty (led by Henry Cabot Lodge) U.S. never joins the League League turns out to be ineffective, inconsistent, easily manipulated World Disarmament Conference at the League of Nations American anti-League cartoon

Wilson Refused to Compromise -Wilson speaks about the Treaty and the League -Suffers a stroke

The Legacy of the War “Return to Normalcy”- proposed by President Harding World’s greatest industrial power Great Migration Anti-immigrant feelings One million women were brought into the workforce