Handling Emergencies

Basic Principles of First Aid Have you ever experienced an emergency situation?

First Aid What is first aid? What is first aid? The immediate care given to a person who becomes injured or ill until regular medical care can be provided The immediate care given to a person who becomes injured or ill until regular medical care can be provided

Who Can Provide First Aid? Certified CPR Certified CPR Basic First Aid Basic First Aid The Good Samaritan Law The Good Samaritan Law Must be certified in Illinois Must be certified in Illinois Do not put your own life in danger Do not put your own life in danger

Giving First Aid Giving First Aid How to handle an emergency depends on: Type of injury (i.e. severe bleeding, not breathing, shock, etc.) Type of injury (i.e. severe bleeding, not breathing, shock, etc.) Severity of injury (i.e. nose bleed to severe bleeding) Severity of injury (i.e. nose bleed to severe bleeding) STAY CALM! STAY CALM!

Restoring Breathing and Heartbeat Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) a first-aid procedure to restore breathing and circulation a first-aid procedure to restore breathing and circulation

CPR CAB CAB Compressions Compressions Airway Airway Breathing Breathing

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR 1. Check the patient for responsiveness 2. Check for no breathing or abnormal breathing (i.e. gasping only) 3. Call for help (for adults only!) Provide necessary information Provide necessary information Street address Street address Nature of emergency Nature of emergency Your name Your name Stay on phone until operator says you can hang up Stay on phone until operator says you can hang up If you are doing infant/children CPR, you must do 5 rounds of CPR before calling for help. If you are doing infant/children CPR, you must do 5 rounds of CPR before calling for help.

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR 4. Give 30 Compressions “C” in CAB “C” in CAB Compressions should be initiated within 10 seconds of recognition of the arrest Compressions should be initiated within 10 seconds of recognition of the arrest

Consider Age… Infant: Younger than 1 year old Infant: Younger than 1 year old Child: 1 year to puberty Child: 1 year to puberty Adult: Puberty and up Adult: Puberty and up

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR Compressions Compressions Adults/Children Adults/Children You are acting like their heart and pumping blood through their system. You are acting like their heart and pumping blood through their system. For children, you can use one had if you feel like using 2 hands is too strong. For children, you can use one had if you feel like using 2 hands is too strong. Find a spot on the lower half of the victim’s sternum, right between the nipples. Place the heel of one hand on that point. Interlace your fingers of the other hand. Keep your arms straight and your elbows locked. Do not allow your fingers to rest on the victim’s ribs. Find a spot on the lower half of the victim’s sternum, right between the nipples. Place the heel of one hand on that point. Interlace your fingers of the other hand. Keep your arms straight and your elbows locked. Do not allow your fingers to rest on the victim’s ribs. Press straight down quickly and firmly at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. After every 30 compressions, give the victim two rescue breaths. Press straight down quickly and firmly at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. After every 30 compressions, give the victim two rescue breaths. Infants Infants We will discuss this when we get to infants/children choking. We will discuss this when we get to infants/children choking.

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR 5. Open the airway… head tilt – chin lift head tilt – chin lift “A” in CAB “A” in CAB

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR 6. Give two (2) breaths “B” in CAB “B” in CAB Rescue Breathing – first-aid procedure where someone forces air into the lungs of a person who cannot breathe on his or her own. Rescue Breathing – first-aid procedure where someone forces air into the lungs of a person who cannot breathe on his or her own.

American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR Rescue Breathing Rescue Breathing Adults and Children Adults and Children Pinch nostrils shut Pinch nostrils shut Mouth over victim’s mouth to form a seal Mouth over victim’s mouth to form a seal Give two slow breaths Give two slow breaths Let the chest fall before giving the second breath Let the chest fall before giving the second breath Only give two breaths whether they go in or not Only give two breaths whether they go in or not Continue chest compressions Continue chest compressions Infants Infants Mouth over victim’s mouth and nose Mouth over victim’s mouth and nose Give two slow breaths Give two slow breaths Continue chest compressions Continue chest compressions

Automated External Defibrillator (AED) What is an AED? What is an AED? A lightweight, portable device that delivers an electric shock through the chest to the heart. The shock can stop an irregular rhythm and allow a normal rhythm to resume in a heart in sudden cardiac arrest. A lightweight, portable device that delivers an electric shock through the chest to the heart. The shock can stop an irregular rhythm and allow a normal rhythm to resume in a heart in sudden cardiac arrest.

Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Why are AED’s important? Why are AED’s important? Portable Portable Can be used by nonmedical individuals Can be used by nonmedical individuals Provides CPR Provides CPR AED used with 911 AED used with 911 Improves survival from cardiac arrest Improves survival from cardiac arrest Where is the AED located at in our school? Where is the AED located at in our school? The AED will walk you through the process step by step. The AED will walk you through the process step by step. Get the AED before doing CPR if there is one available. Get the AED before doing CPR if there is one available.

American Heart Association CPR Demonstration CPR Demonstration SMyz3A CPR Demonstration SMyz3A SMyz3A SMyz3A Notice… Notice… What can you do if you are not trained in CPR? What can you do if you are not trained in CPR? What if you are trained in CPR? What if you are trained in CPR? What do you do if there is no AED? What do you do if there is no AED?

Other Emergencies

Severe Bleeding 1. Always wear protective gear 2. Apply pressure to wound with clean cloth, if first cloth is soaked with blood, apply a second cloth on top of first cloth 3. Raise body part above heart, unless it is broken 4. If bleeding doesn’t stop, apply pressure to a pressure point between the wound and the heart

Shock Shock – serious condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver blood to all parts of the body Shock – serious condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver blood to all parts of the body Shock may develop as the result of sudden illness or injury, or bleeding. Sometimes even a mild injury will lead to shock. Shock may develop as the result of sudden illness or injury, or bleeding. Sometimes even a mild injury will lead to shock. Signs of Shock: restlessness or irritability; rapid, shallow, or uneven breathing; pale, cool, and moist skin; rapid or weak pulse or no pulse Signs of Shock: restlessness or irritability; rapid, shallow, or uneven breathing; pale, cool, and moist skin; rapid or weak pulse or no pulse Cover person with blanket, elevate legs, get help immediately Cover person with blanket, elevate legs, get help immediately

Poisoning What are some poisons? What are some poisons? Cleaning products Cleaning products Medicines (overdose) Medicines (overdose) Pesticides Pesticides 1. Call Poison Control or Remove extra poison with clean, damp cloth 3. Save container

Choking Nearly 3000 choking deaths each year in the US Nearly 3000 choking deaths each year in the US Choking can be prevented Choking can be prevented Choking – person’s airway becomes blocked by an object Choking – person’s airway becomes blocked by an object

Signs of Choking Grab Throat Grab Throat Problems with breathing Problems with breathing Turning blue in the face Turning blue in the face Person may faint Person may faint If talking, laughing, or coughing, the person is not choking If talking, laughing, or coughing, the person is not choking Do not hit them on the back! Do not hit them on the back!

Choking in Adults and Older Children 1. Ask, “Are you choking?” 2. Abdominal Thrusts – quick, inward and upward pulls (in a “J” motion) into the diaphragm to force out the substance blocking the airway

How do we give abdominal thrusts??? Stand behind the victim, sliding your arms under is or her armpits and wrapping your arms around his her waist. Stagger your feet to have a good base. Put the thumb side of your wrist against the midline of the person’s abdomen, just above the navel. Stand behind the victim, sliding your arms under is or her armpits and wrapping your arms around his her waist. Stagger your feet to have a good base. Put the thumb side of your wrist against the midline of the person’s abdomen, just above the navel.

Abdominal Thrusts Continued… Grasp your fist with your other hand and apply pressure inward and up toward the person’s diaphragm in one smooth movement. Deliver rapid inward thrusts up toward the diaphragm until object is dislodged or victim becomes unconscious. Once the object is dislodged, give rescue breathing if needed. Then monitor the victim. Grasp your fist with your other hand and apply pressure inward and up toward the person’s diaphragm in one smooth movement. Deliver rapid inward thrusts up toward the diaphragm until object is dislodged or victim becomes unconscious. Once the object is dislodged, give rescue breathing if needed. Then monitor the victim.

First Aid for Choking If You Are the Victim Give yourself abdominal thrusts Give yourself abdominal thrusts Press abdomen into a firm object (e.g. back of sofa or chair) Press abdomen into a firm object (e.g. back of sofa or chair)

Choking in Infants and Young Children Option #1 Hold the infant or young child face down on your forearm with the head lower than the trunk. You must support the patient’s head by placing a hand around the lower jaw and chest. Give the victim five blows with the heel of your hand to the spinal area between the victim’s shoulder blades Hold the infant or young child face down on your forearm with the head lower than the trunk. You must support the patient’s head by placing a hand around the lower jaw and chest. Give the victim five blows with the heel of your hand to the spinal area between the victim’s shoulder blades

Choking Continued… Option #2 Chest Thrusts – quick presses with two fingers into the middle of an infant or child’s breastbone to force out the substance blocking the airway Chest Thrusts – quick presses with two fingers into the middle of an infant or child’s breastbone to force out the substance blocking the airway Note: Chest thrusts is the method needed in CPR for infants and small children Note: Chest thrusts is the method needed in CPR for infants and small children

Broken Bones 200 Bones 200 Bones Protect organs Protect organs Fracture – break in a bone Fracture – break in a bone Dislocation – major injury that happens when a bone is forced from its normal position within a joint (Example: arm pulled from shoulder socket) Dislocation – major injury that happens when a bone is forced from its normal position within a joint (Example: arm pulled from shoulder socket) Tell the person not to move the injured part Tell the person not to move the injured part Get medical assistance Get medical assistance

Sprains Sprain – joint is suddenly and violently stretched Sprain – joint is suddenly and violently stretched Wrists, knees, and ankles most common Wrists, knees, and ankles most common Bruise results Bruise results Common and usually not serious Common and usually not serious Painful, swollen Painful, swollen RICE RICE Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevate Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevate

Burns First Degree First Degree Second Degree Second Degree Third Degree Third Degree

First Degree Burns First-degree – burn in which only the outer layer of the skin is burned and turns red First-degree – burn in which only the outer layer of the skin is burned and turns red Heals quickly Heals quickly Sunburn Sunburn Treatment Treatment Submerge burned area in cold water Submerge burned area in cold water Wrap in clean, dry dressing Wrap in clean, dry dressing

Second Degree Burn Second-degree burn – serious burn in which the burned area blisters Second-degree burn – serious burn in which the burned area blisters Intense redness, pain, swelling Intense redness, pain, swelling Usually heals without scarring Usually heals without scarring Treatment Treatment Submerge burned area in cold water Submerge burned area in cold water Do not pop blisters or remove loose skin Do not pop blisters or remove loose skin Wrap burn loosely in clean, dry dressing Wrap burn loosely in clean, dry dressing Elevate the burned area Elevate the burned area

Third Degree Burn Third-degree burn – very serious burn in which deep layers of the skin and nerve endings are damaged Third-degree burn – very serious burn in which deep layers of the skin and nerve endings are damaged White or charred White or charred May be intense pain May be intense pain Treatment Treatment Call for medical help Call for medical help Cover the burned area with a clean dressing Cover the burned area with a clean dressing Elevate the victim’s feet and arms Elevate the victim’s feet and arms If possible, have the victim drink small amounts of fluids If possible, have the victim drink small amounts of fluids

Fainting Occurs when blood supply to the brain is cut off for a short amount of time Occurs when blood supply to the brain is cut off for a short amount of time A person who faints temporarily loses consciousness A person who faints temporarily loses consciousness Do not lift victim, leave lying down Do not lift victim, leave lying down Raise victims legs Raise victims legs Loosen any tight clothing Loosen any tight clothing Check breathing, keeping airway open Check breathing, keeping airway open Doesn’t regain consciousness, get medical help Doesn’t regain consciousness, get medical help