 Functions:  Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food  Absorption of nutrients  Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs

 1. Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption  2. Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves  3. Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food (PERISTALSIS)  4. Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)

 Contractions mix food with digestive juices  Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube

 Incisors  Cuspid (canine)  Bicuspids  Molars

 Parotid - ear, cheek  Submandibular - below jaw  Sublingual - under tongue

 Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx

 Esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the diaphragm  Cardiac sphincter at entrance to stomach

 Longitudinal  Circular  Oblique

 Regions include:  Cardiac  Fundic  Body (greater and lesser curvature)  Pyloric

 Gastric Juices contain acids that break down food - secreted by gastric glands  PEPSIN - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food  Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

 Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve  Rugae - folds within stomach  Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices

 PANCREAS - secretes insulin which breaks down sugars  Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat

 1 large right lobe | 1 smaller left lobe

 Hepatic duct --> to common bile duct  Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood throughout liver

 1. blood glucose levels – stores glycogen  2. breakdown of lipids and fats  3. protein metabolism  4. stores vitamins  5. destroys damaged RBCs  6. removes toxins  7. secretes bile (breakdown fat)

 Remember Bili Lights?  Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice.

 Gall Bladder - under liver  stores bile, digests fat  cystic duct --> common bile duct  *gallstones may form

 Starts at the pyloric sphincter  1. Duodenum  2. Jejunum  3. Ileum  *Mesentery - Membrane holds it together, contains blood vessels

 A "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

 The greater omentum stores body fat as a result of the stress hormone, cortisol From an overweight individual From a healthy individual

 Intestinal villi - increase surface area to absorb nutrients, connect to vessels

 The main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals that break down food and carry the nutrients away in the blood stream. In one word:  ABSORPTION

 Cecum  Appendix  Colon (4 parts)  Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid  Rectum  Anus

 Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion (intestinal flora)  Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food  The main job is WATER REABSORPTION...

 GERD (Acid Reflux)  Gastroesophageal reflux disease  A chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus

 Dysentery is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus in the feces with fever, abdominal pain. Caused by infection.

 is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a virus called HAV. While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver, it doesn't lead to chronic disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has a full recovery, some may need hospitalization  Many people are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine, including people at increased risk for exposure to hepatitis A virus infection and people who are more likely to get seriously ill if infected with the virus

 is caused by the virus HBV. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid. And, it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).  Some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms that stay with them their whole life.

 is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the same way as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid (see above).  Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This may lead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrohosis.  Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products.

 A chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines, esp. the colon and ileum  Associated with ulcers and fistulae

 A widespread condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation, often associated with stress, depression, anxiety, or previous intestinal infection.

 Normally, the lining of the stomach and small intestines is protected against the irritating acids produced in your stomach. If this protective lining stops working correctly and the lining breaks down, it results in inflammation (gastritis) or an ulcer.

 Inability to digest milk, can cause stomach upset. The body does not produce lactase, an enzyme required to breakdown lactose, milk sugar.

 Appendix becomes inflamed and painful  Can rupture if left untreated and spread infection throughout body

 All hernias are caused by a combination of pressure and an opening or weakness of muscle or fascia  Abdominal hernias – occur when the intestines poke through abdominal muscles

 When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi  Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food one eats.

 Gallstones are made from cholesterol and other things found in the bile. They can be smaller than a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Gallstonescholesterol

 Any of a group of similar operations that first divides the stomach into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then re-arranges the small intestine to connect to both.  Any GBP leads to a marked reduction in the functional volume of the stomach, accompanied by an altered physiological and physical response to food.

 Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer.