Earthquake/Volcano Review

Review #1 Cause –Plates move together –Friction build up –Mantle melts Effect –Collide – new landforms (mountains, volcanoes, trenches) –Slide – no new land –Separate – creates a ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

#2 Risks Death Sinking/collapse of home Loss of possession Fire Structural damage Building cracks

#3 Seismogram Richmond: 10:10 – 10:11 City farthest: Honolulu, because the p- wave reached them much later than the first reading.

#5 P-wave & S-wave P-wave –Push/pull –1 st vertical jump –Travels fastest –Through the body of the earth –Cannot travel through solids, but can liquids S-wave –Side-to-side –through the body of the earth –Cannot travel through liquids or solids –Most destructive Surface wave –Side-to-side –Along the surface

#8 Plate movement Slide – Transform fault boundary Collide – Convergent plate boundary Separate – Divergent plate boundary

#9

#10 Mountains Plates collide –2 of same densities –2 continentals Plates separate –Melted rock flows to surface & rises

#11 What’s happening to the Plate Mid-Atlantic Ridge –Separating plates Himalayan Mtns. –colliding Japan Trench –2 different density plates are colliding –Oceanic sinking below a continental

#12 San Andreas Fault Sliding apart Wallace creek is changing path Why do earthquakes occur along a fault? –Force (friction) is building up & eventually ruptures (earthquake)

#13 Layers of Earth

#14 Scientist know the inside of the earth is made of layers by the way earthquake waves move

#15 Supercontinent Continents looked like a giant puzzle Fossils (plants/animals) found on separate continents Lines along boundaries matched up What do scientists think caused this? Seafloor Spreading – which led to the Plate Tectonic Theory

#1 & #2 Magma vs Lava Magma is the molten rock beneath the earth’s surface; Intrusive Igneous rock Lava is the magma that has reached the earth’s surface; Extrusive Igneous rock It rises to the surface because of the pressure from expanding gasses, movement of the plates and convection in the mantle

#4 Viscosity Highly (more) viscous = slow moving lava Lowly (less) viscous = fast/runny lava

#6 Volcano Types Composite – highly viscous, slow-moving lava; steep sided Cinder cone – blew top; violent Shield – lowly viscous, fast flowing lava; wide & flat

#7 Temperature and composition affect the viscosity of a liquid. High temperatures create a lower viscosity liquid that will move faster.

#8 Challenges Risk factor # of people at risk # of possible deaths

#9 Rocks Types of Igneous Rock ClassificationTextureCrystal SizeMinerals/ Color Where in the Earth it’s found How it is formed Granite IntrusiveCoarseLargeQuartz (white), Feldspar (light pink), Mica (black) Continental crustDeep within the earth at or near colliding mountain building BasaltExtrusiveFineSmallFeldspar/Iron/Ma gnesium (black/gray), Olivine (green), Mica (black) Oceanic CrustAlong mid-ocean ridges as lava flows on the earth’s surface. Cooled quickly RhyoliteExtrusiveFineSmall and LargeFeldspar (light pink), Mica (black) Continental Crust Near volcanoes that border trenches. GabbroIntrusiveCoarseFeldspar (black/gray), Olivine (green), Mica (black) Oceanic CrustWithin the earth as large bodies or sheets of cooled intruding magma PeridotiteIntrusiveCoarseOlivine (green)Earth’s mantle

#11 Effects of volcanic eruptions Constructive – new landforms, minerals to the soil, geothermal energy Destructive – contamination; fires; destruction of property; death

#14 Earthquakes almost always occur before a volcano erupts because the movement of magma and pressure is about to be released by the volcano.

#15 What You’ve Learned Type of Catastrophic Event Where it happens?Why it happened? TornadoesTornado AlleyWarm, moist air rises from the gulf and meets cold, dry air from the Rockies and Canada head on. HurricanesTropical watersWarm, moist air rises over tropical waters EarthquakesAlong plate boundariesPlates collide, slide & separate Volcanoes

Readings Earth’s Interior Colliding, Sliding & Separating Earthquakes & Faults Earth’s Moving Plates: A Look Back Using sonar to map Volcanoes: Help or Hindrance? Volcano Types Earth’s Waterworks Rock Cycle

To Help study NOTEBOOK –NOTES –LAB Conclusions –VOCAB