WiMAX/LTE : 4G Wireless Broadband Networks 1 中山大學 電機系 許蒼嶺教授

行動通信標準演進 3

Evolution of Wireless Access Technologies n (smart antennas) Mesh extns. Local Area Fixed Wide Area Mobile Coverage/Mobility Metro Area Nomadic (Fixed LOS) a/d (Fixed NLOS) b/a/g Mobile Industry Fixed Wireless Industry 4G Air Interfaces Data Rates (kbps) 100, GPP2 CDMA X HRPDA 1x EVDO 1x EVDV Rel. C 1x EVDV Rel. D GSM UMTS HSPA GPRSEDGE LTE 3GPP MOBILE BROADBAND DSL Experience Dial Up Higher Data Rate / Lower Cost per Bit e (Mobile WIMAX)

WiMAX vs 3GPP 發展時程 5

3GPP Radio Access Milestones

Operator’s Service Stack 8 IMS Layer Application services Mobility, Policy and Administration Services EPC Core network Access technologies connection gateways Access Technologies WiMAXLTE DSLAM WiFi Devices

WiMAX Market Position 9 Mobile (GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE) Mobile (GSM / GPRS / 3G /HSPA /LTE) xDSL / FTTx

現有無線接取技術比較 10 Technical Winner Market Winner = ?

11 WiMAX 市場現況

12 Source : Ovum 2008/12 Population penetration of mobile, fixed and broadband across Asia-Pacific

WiMAX Markets in Developed Country 13 Fix and Nomadic broadband access  Broadband Penetration > 50%  Broadband Infrastructure is Developed  vs. xDSL / FTTx No Significant Technical advantage except Nomadic Incumbent Operator cost advantage  High Initial CAPX needed Mobile (Voice & Data)  Mobile Voice Penetration : Saturation  Mobile Data Penetration : 20% ~80 %  vs. 3G / HSPA Narrow advantage in Bandwidth Great Disadvantage in Eco-System No Significant advantage in Cost & Price  High Initial CAPX needed Niche Market  Rural : Low ARPU  Bundle Service Triple play Killer Application ? WiMAX is Still Looking for Business Model

WiMAX Markets in Emerging Country 14 Fix and Nomadic broadband access  Broadband Penetration < 5%  Broadband Infrastructure is Low  vs. xDSL / FTTx Significant CAPX advantage Significant Deploying time advantage  Demand Growing Mobile (Voice & Data)  Mobile Voice Penetration : Growing rapidly (prepaid dominated)  Mobile Data Penetration : < 5%  vs. 3G / HSPA Narrow advantage in Bandwidth Great Disadvantage in Eco-System No Significant advantage in Cost & Price WiMAX Opportunity ?

Markets in Emerging Country 15 越南，胡志明市 具備 WiMAX 市場機會但卻選擇 3GPP 陣營

台灣 WiMAX 產業鏈 16

17 Source : 工研院 IEK 2010/3

18 TOP5 WiMAX Vendors Strategy Source: Ovum 2009/9

An Industry War 19

3GPP 是市場主流 20

21 IEEE std

22 Standard Roadmap IEEE IEEE a/b/c  Amendments to IEEE  Compatibility issue with HIPERMAN of ETSI  d project  Replace previous standards  Fixed site access IEEE e, 16f (amendment)  Extend to mobility  MIB IEEE g-2007(amendment)  Management Plane Procedures and Services IEEE j – 2008 IEEE m – 2011 (4G)

23 Features Broad Bandwidth  Up to 134.4Mbit/s  Transit over 50KM Typical Architecture  1 BS + n SSs  PMP or MESH Spectrums  From 2 to 66 GHz  NLOS and LOS Duplexing Techniques  TDD or FDD WiMAX Forum  Conformance and Interoperability

24 Scope of Standard PHY SAP MAC SAP CS SAP Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer ( MAC CS ) Common Part Sublayer ( MAC CPS ) Security Sublayer ( MAC SS ) Physical Layer (PHY) MAC PHY Scheduliing Services QoS Parameters Bandwidth Allocation

25 TDMA/OFDM/OFDMA

DIUC=Downlink Interval Usage Code UIUC=Uplink Interval Usage Code

38 IEEE j-2008 One MR-BS (Multi-hop Relay - Base Station) and many RS (Relay Station) Transparent mode  Only data are relayed via RS  Remove obstruction Non-Transparent mode  Expand service coverage  Both signaling and data are relayed via RS  Increase utilization/throughput

IEEE j WiMAX 39

IEEE j Configuration 40

Transparent RS 41

Non-Transparent RS 42

43 OFDMA Symbol and Transparent RS Frame

44 OFDMA Symbol and Non-Transparent RS Frame

IEEE j Multi-hopTopology 45

46 IEEE j Independent Scheduling Zones

47 Bandwidth Request: Store-and-Forward Mode

48 Bandwidth Request: End-to-End Mode

Centralized vs Distributed Scheduling Centralized Scheduling  For small size of networks  Only BS to do bandwidth allocations Distributed Scheduling  For networks with hops greater than 2  Both RS and BS do bandwidth allocations 49

50 Centralized Scheduling

51 Distributed Scheduling

52 Modules for Distributed Scheduling in BS/RS

53 Classification & Addressing SSBS Uplink Downlink SFID SFID : Service Flow Identifier (32 bits) CID : Connection Identifier (16 bits)

54 Scheduling Services Priority ServiceType e-2005 ServiceType Typical Appcations 1stUGS T1/E1 transport VoIP without silence suppression 2ndertPSERT-VR VoIP with silence suppression 3rdrtPSRT-VR MPEG Video 4thnrtPSNRT-VR FTP with guaranteed minimum throughput 5thBE HTTP

55 QoS ParamSet UGS ： Maximum Latency Tolerated Jitter Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy ERT-VR ： Maximum Latency Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy RT-VR ： Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate Maximum Latency Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy NRT-VR ： Minimum Reserved Traffic Rate Uplink Grant Scheduling Type Request/Transmission Policy BE ： Lowest traffic Priority Request/Transmission Policy QoS ParamSet

56 Bandwidth Allocation Uplink Packet Scheduler ( Frame Maker) CIDs & QoS-ParamSets INPUTOUTPUT UL-MAP UL-MAP :Uplink Map

57 Summary of MAC and the undefined part of IEEE INPUT OUTPUT

58 Modulations & Channel Size Access Range: QPSK > QAM-16 > QAM-64 Data Rate: QAM-64 > QAM-16 > QPSK US European Uplink Mandarory Downlink Mandarory

59 Frame Durations with TDD Frame Structure 0.5/1/2 ms

60 Number of PS in 16-QAM Frame duration = 1 ms Signal (Baud) rate = 16 Mbauds/sec 4 bits in a signal (baud) using 16-QAM Ts=LT, Data rate, R = LS = 4 x16 = 64 Mbps Number of PS (Physical Slot)  (64 Mbps x 1 ms) / 16 bits = 4000  Assume every PS = 16 bits

4G: IEEE m and LTE-A ITU-R’s IMT-Advanced (4G) requirements  up to 1 Gbps in static or low mobility environment  up to 100 Mbps in high-speed mobile environment Multicarrier is the technology to utilize wider bandwidth for parallel data transmission across multiple RF carriers.  IEEE m  LTE-A Carrier Aggregation (CA) Component Carrier (CC)

IEEE WiMAX Frame Structure

Basic WiMAX Frame Structure 1.Type-1 AAI subframe that consists of 6 OFDMA symbols. 2.Type-2 AAI subframe that consists of 7 OFDMA symbols. 3.Type-3 AAI subframe that consists of 5 OFDMA symbols. 4.Type-4 AAI subframe that consists of 9 OFDMA symbols. This type shall be applied only to an UL AAI subframe for the 8.75 MHz channel bandwidth when supporting the WirelessMANOFDMA frames.

802.16e V.S m e802.16m Bandwidth(MHz)10 Sampling frequency(MHz)11.2 FFT size1024 Sub-carrier frequency spacing(kHz)10.94 Frame duration(ms)55 Useful symbol time(us)91.4 Guard time(us)11.4 OFDMA symbols48 OFDMA symbol duration(us)102.9 Number of used sub-carriers841(840)865 Number of guard sub-carriers183(184)159 Number of pilot sub-carriers120 Number of data sub-carrier Data rate for QPSK(Mbps) Data rate for 16QAM(Mbps) Data rate for 64QAM(Mbps)

IEEE m OFDMA Parameter s 67 Nominal Channel Bandwidth (MHz) Over-sampling Factor28/258/7 28/25 Sampling Frequency (MHz) FFT Size Sub-Carrier Spacing (kHz) Useful Symbol Time Tu (μs) Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/8 Tu Symbol Time Ts (μs) FDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame Idle time (μs) TDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame TTG + RTG (μs) Cyclic Prefix (CP) Tg=1/16 Tu Symbol Time Ts(μs) FDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame Idle time (μs) TDD No. of OFDM symbols per Frame TTG + RTG (μs) Number of used subcarriers

802.16m Guard Bands

Baud Rate B: baud rate, number of symbols in one second S: number of symbols in an OFDMA Sub-frame T: OFDMA Sub-frame duration N: number of sub-carriers in an OFDMA frame B = (S/T)xN

Data Rate R: data rate (bps) M: number of different signal elements in MCS B: baud rate, number of symbols in one second R = B x

LTE-A Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Service (EMBS)

LTE 的訊框架構

Systematic bits Turbo coding 1/3 Mapping to the circular buffer Systematic bitsParity bits Systematic bitsParity bits Channel Coding

不同重傳次數的 HARQ 封包 76 Systematic bitsParity bits RV=0RV=1RV=2RV=3 1st transmission 2nd transmission 3rd transmission 4th transmission Coding rate=3/4

BSMN BS’s HARQ buffer ERRO R NACK ACK success MN’s HARQ buffer ERRO R + || 1st transmission 2nd transmission 3rd transmission 4th transmission HARQ 在 Uplink 的運作流程

LTE-A: E-MBS Deployment with Broadcast Only and Mixed Carrier

LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an advanced MS (AMS)  Primary carriers exchanges traffic and control signals with an advanced BS (ABS) mobility, state, and context  Secondary carriers An ABS can additionally assign secondary carrier(s) to an AMS Controlled by the ABS through the primary carrier

LTE-A: Carrier Types From the perspective of an ABS  Fully configured carrier carrying all control channels synchronization, broadcast, multicast, and unicast control channels both single-carrier and multicarrier AMSs can be served  Partially configured carrier primarily to support downlink only transmission only for frequency-division duplex (FDD) deployment a dedicated EMBS carrier is one example

Multicarrier Frame Structure (LTE-A and WiMAX m) An example of multicarrier frame structure with legacy support.

Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures (LTE-A and WiMAX m) Basic concept of subcarrier alignment.

802.16m Multicarrier Operation with Usage of The Guard Bands

Multicarrier Transceiver Architectures (LTE-A) Different types of AMS transceiver architecture for multicarrier aggregation.

Network Entry (LTE-A) Network entry procedure for multicarrier support. AAI: Advanced Air Interface

Activation and Deactivation of Assigned Carriers (LTE-A) Multilevel carrier management scheme.

Handover (LTE-A )

Relay Related Connections

Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) for Directional Antenna

CA Scenarios and Component Carrier (CC) Types (LTE-A) Example of carrier aggregation scenarios:  a) contiguous aggregation of five component carriers with equal bandwidth  b) non-contiguous aggregation of component carriers with different bandwidths

Primary and Secondary CCs (LTE-A) UE served bPCell/SCell configuration for different y the same eNB

References 1. I.-K. Fu et al., “Multicarrier Technology for 4G WiMax System,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 50–58, Aug S. Ahmadi, “An Overview of Mext-Generation Mobile WiMAX Technology,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 47, Issue 6, Page(s): 84–98, Jun O. Oyman, J. Foerster, Y.-J. Tcha, and S.-C. Lee, “Toward enhanced mobile video services over WiMAX and LTE,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 68-76, Aug K.I. Pedersen et al., “Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced: Functionality and Performance Aspects,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 49, Issue 6, Page(s): 89-95, Jun M. Iwamura et al., “Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-Advanced,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 48, Issue 8, Page(s): 60-67, Aug