Chapter 3: The Skeletal System Medical Terminology Mrs. Spearman

Objective I can identify and describe the major functions and structure of the skeletal systems. I can differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons. I can identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the skeletal system.

Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System Skeletal system consists of the 1. 206 bones 2. joints

Functions of the Skeletal System Framework for the body Support and protect internal organs Movement possible by joints Stores calcium which is required for normal nerve and muscle function Hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells in the spongy bone

Tissues of Bone Periosteum—forms the outermost covering of bone Compact bone—dense,hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones Spongy bone—lighter, compact bone. Found in the ends of the long bones Red bone marrow is located within the spongy bone. Medullary cavity—located in the shaft of a long bone Endosteum—tissue that lines the medullary cavity

The Long Bone Diaphysis: the shaft of the long bone Epiphysis: the ends of the long bone

Bone Marrow Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Located in spongy bone Hematopoietic tissue that manufactures blood cells (red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes). Yellow bone marrow Located in the medullary cavity Fat storage area

Cartilage Smooth, rubbery, connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Articular cartilage Covers the surfaces of bones where they meet to form joints Protects the bones from rubbing against each other Meniscus Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee

Joints Also known as articulations Place of union between two or more bones.

Fibrous Joints Inflexible layers of connective tissue, hold bones tightly together In adults, these joints are know as sutures, which are found in between the bones of the skull In newborns, these joints are called fontanelles or soft spots Flexible soft spots make passage through the birth canal possible

Cartilaginous Joints Allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Examples: Costal Cartilage, where the ribs connect to the sternum Pubic symphysis cartilaginous joint that allows some movement of the pubic bones during childbirth.

Synovial Joints Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. Ball and socket joints, such as hips and shoulders Allow a wide range of movement Hinge Joints, such as knees and elbows Allow movement in one direction

The Skeleton 206 bones are found in the skeleton Divided into two parts Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton Protects the major organs of the nervous system, respiratory, and circulatory systems Consists of 80 bones Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebral Column

Appendicular Skeleton Consists of 126 bones Makes body movement possible Consists of the upper extremities (shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)

The Skeleton

Vertebral Column

Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System Chiropractor— $80,000-150,000 Holds a Doctor of Chiropractor degree Specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine. Orthopedic Surgeon—$307,000-500,00 Also known as an orthopedist Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.

Specialties Continued Podiatrist $119,000-214,000 Doctor of Podiatry Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

Objectives I can identify the components of the synovial membrane I can define and pronounce terms related to the pathology and treatment of the skeletal system.

Components of the Synovial Joints Synovial membrane—secretes synovial fluid Synovial fluid—acts as a lubricant to make the joint movement smooth Ligaments—join bones to other bones Bursa—acts as a cushion to ease movement in shoulder, elbow, and knee joints

Pathology of the Joints Ankylosis (ankyl/o means crooked, bent, or stiff) The loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure Arthrosclerosis Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa Chondromalacia The abnormal softening of cartilage Chondroma A slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells

Pathology of the Joints cont. Costochondritis Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum Hallux valgus Also known as a bunion Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe Hemarthrosis Blood within a joint Condition due to joint injury Can spontaneously occur in patients taking blood- thinning medicine Hemophilia

Bursitis (ber-SIGH-tis) Bursa- a sac found at joints; it cushions and make movement easier in areas that are subject to friction such as shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.

Chondromalacia Chondr/o: cartilage -malacia: abnormal softening Chondromalacia: abnormal softening of cartilage

Chondroma Chondr/o: cartilage -oma: tumor Benign tumor of cartilage cells

Costochondritis Cost/o: rib Chondr/o: cartilage -itis: inflammation Costochondritis: inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Hallux Valgus Bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

Hemarthrosis

Pathology of Joints cont. Synovitis Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint Can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection or irritation produced by damaged cartilage Dislocation Dislocation (luxation): the total displacement of a bone from its joint Subluxation: the partial displacement of a bone from its joint 30

Synovitis Synov/o: synovial membrane ( a membrane that lines synovial joints and secrete synovial membrane to make movement of the joint possible) itis: inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, heat)

Luxation and Subluxation http://www.healthline.com/vpvideo/nursemaids-elbow

Arthritis Inflammatory condition of one or more joints Osteoarthritis Wear-and-tear arthritis Deterioration of cartilage between joints Commonly associated with aging Spondylosis Also known as spinal osteoarthritis A degenerative disorder that causes the loss of normal spinal structure and function

Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the synovial membranes and causes the joints to be swollen, painful, and immobile Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects children 16 years old or less

Osteoarthritis vs. Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage to "wear and tear". Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.

Ankylosing Spondylitis Form of Rheumatoid Arthritis Causes stiffening between the joints between the vertebrae

Ankylosing spondylitis

Gouty Arthritis Also known as gout A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints. Uric acid is a product excreted by the kidneys. Caused by obesity, diabetes, kidney dysfunction Gout develops when excess uric acid, which is present in the blood, forms crystals in the joints of the feet and legs.

Gout

Write It! Sallie is 85 years old and worked as a typist until she retired. She now has arthritis. What type of arthritis does Sallie have? John is 16 and was just diagnosed with Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. His body is attacking his __________________ . What type of arthritis forms when uric acid crystals form in the feet?

Pathology of the Spinal Column Herniated disk Also known as Slipped or Ruptured Disk The breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve Lumbago (lum-BAY-goh) Low back pain Spondylolisthesis (spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis) Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or sacrum below it Spina Bifida Defect that occurs during pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

Herniated Disk

Spondylolisthesis

Spina Bifida

Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis (Humpback) Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side Lordosis (Swayback) Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine Scoliosis Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

Kyphosis Caused as a result of aging or slouching in teens—Treatment: Surgery Clinical photographs of an adolescent male with an abnormally rounded back; the deformity is localized to the thoracic spine. This patient's severe kyphosis is most obvious when bending forward.

Lordosis Causes: congenital, hip problems, incorrect posture—Treatment: Physical Therapy or brace

Scoliosis Causes: usually congenital or hereditary Treatment: Surgery, brace

Osteoporosis The marked loss of bone density in the bones associated with aging Bones are brittle and easily broken Cause is unknown Usually occurs in elderly Caucasian women

Dwarfism or “Short Stature” Failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length Caused by a genetic or hormone disorder

Closed Fracture—Simple Fracture Only one bone is broken, and it does not pierce the skin Open Fracture—Compound Fracture One bone is broken, and it pierces the skin Comminuted Fracture Bone is crushed into small pieces Greenstick Fracture—Incomplete Fracture Bone is bent and partially broken Oblique Fracture Occurs at an angle across the bone Transverse Fracture Broken straight across the bone Spiral Fracture Bone twisted apart, due to sport injury

Write It! Answer the following questions. What type of disorder is caused by a genetic or hormonal disorder? __________________ What type of fracture is when the bone has been crushed into pieces? ______________________ What type of fracture is also known as a compound fracture? ______________________ What type of fracture is when the bone is partially broken? _____________________ What type of fracture occurs at an angle across the bone? ___________________

Diagnostic Procedures of the Skeletal System Radiograph—x-ray Most commonly used to visualize a bone fracture Arthroscopy—visual examination of a joint Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)– used to visualize soft tissues like joints Bone density testing is used to diagnose osteoporosis

Treatments of the Skeletal System Bone Marrow Transplant—used to treat certain cancers of the blood cells Patients cancer cells and bone marrow are destroyed Next, healthy donated bone marrow cells are transfused into the patient’s blood The cells move to the spongy bone, where they are to multiply to form cancer-free bone marrow http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/robin-roberts-prepares-bone-marrow-transplant-17090981

Medical Devices Orthotic Mechanical device designed to control or correct for injured limb function, Example: leg brace or splint Prosthesis Substitute for a missing or diseased body part that has been amputated

Joint Treatments Arthrolysis—surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint -lysis means loosening Arthrodesis—”surgical ankylosis” Surgical fixation “joining together” two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder Performed to treat a damaged joint or severe arthritis -desis means surgical fixation Internal Fixation

Spinal Column Treatments Percutaneous Diskectomy Treatment for a herniated intervebral disk Intervetebral disk is suctioned out Spinal Fusion Technique used to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

More Treatments of Bones (Write It!) i.Craniectomy  ii. Craniotomy iii. Cranioplasty iv. Osteoclasis (-clasis means break)— surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity v. Ostectomy vi. Osteoplasty vii. Osteorrhapy viii. Osteotomy