Medicine By Aleks Purins and Emme McCabe EM

Subtopics Medical Theory Physicians Hospitals EM

Bibliography Esposito, John L. The Islamic World: Past and Present. New York: Oxford UP, Print. Nanji, Azim. The Muslim Almanac. New York: Gale Research, Print. Porman, Peter E., and Emilie Savage-Smith. Medival Islamic Medicine. UK: Edinburgh UP, Print. Shabbas, Audrey, Basheer K. Nijim, and Ayad Al- Qazzaz. Arab World Notebook: Secondary School Level. Berkeley, CA, Print. EM

Medical Theory S Greek Humoral Medicine Greek traditions influenced Islamic healing methods Hippocrates, along with other Greek physicians promoted methods in 400 BC Greek tradition contained 4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each humor comprised of qualities: warmth, cold, heat, and dryness Healers believed disease started from an imbalance of the humors. To correct, they prescribed medicine that possessed the deficient Example-Black Bile: cold and foul smelling; an excess of black bile would lead to such complaints such as dry skin, colds, or depression. With too much black bile, a physician would prescribe a bath, exposure to sweet-smelling oils or harmonious music, or wine(which was thought to warm the blood and promote cheer) EM 4 Pg. 142

Medical Theory S Abbasid Caliphate-( ) Revived humoral theories Translated Greek texts into Arabic-creating encyclopedias, teaching text, and self-help manuals based on the works of Galen. Islamic researchers revived and improved humoral theories. Made advancements in pharmacology, ophthalmology (study of eye diseases), optics (glasses/magnification), surgery, and contagion Contagion was an area neglected by the Greeks! EM 4 Pg. 142

Medical Theory S Influence of Muhammed Physicians not only relied on the works of the Greek, but also to the works and sayings of the Quran and Hadith (Muhammed’s book of sayings) Quran does not have much information on medicine; many Muslims believe in “medicine of the Prophet” Muhammed’s sayings included the curative power of honey (panacea), wolf’s gall, guidelines whether or not people should flee from plague, consummation of haram (unlawful) substances to help cure illnesses 1300’s Muhammed’s healing advice peaked EM 4 Pg. 143

Medical Theory S Medicine of the Prophet-1300’s Written by Syrian scholar Ibn Qayyin al-Jawziyah Includes a collection of medical reports Information of both natural and “magical” remedies Advice for specific topics; doctor’s fees. Ethics, sexual intercourse, and singing Was very popular among Muslims Still an Arab best-seller today Used for herbal cures for headaches, stomach problems, and coughs HONEY! EM 4 Pg. 143

Hospitals/Institutions S The Walid Institution Cared for lepers, the blind, infirm, and disabled. Walid=Umayyad Caliph( ) Modeled after Byzantine Hospices, for sick, poor, travelers, and orphans EM 2 Pg. 201

Hospitals/Institutions S First Hospital-(Bimaristan) In Baghdad, by Harun al-Rashid (reigned AD) Modeled after Jundishapur Emergence of Hospitals From Spain all the way to India Built by caliphs, court officials, and wealthy individuals EM 2 Pg

Physicians/Society S Influence on Crusaders Treated wounded crusaders “hakim” = “wise men” EM 3 Pg

Hospitals/Institutions S Adudi Hospital Located in Baghdad Founded by ruler Adud al-Dawd (982) Comprised of 24 physicians Specialists in ophthalmologists, surgeons, and orthopedics (Quote on next slide) EM 2 Pg. 202

Hospitals/Institutions Q Adudi Hospital Abu al-Husayn ibn Jubayr (died 1217) said “the hospital was still functioning…it was a large as a castle and had its own water supply from the Tigris River.” EM 2 Pg. 202

Hospitals/Institutions S Nasiri Hospitals Located in Cairo Completed in 1284 Had annual endowment of 1 million dirhams in local currency. Palace with accommodations for over 8,000 people Separate wards: fever, opthalmia, surgical cases, dysentery, a pharmacy, dispensary, storeroom, mosque, and a library. Nasiri had attendents of both sexes and lecture halls for scholars to learn from current physicians EM 2 Pg. 202

Theories/Techniques S Preservation of Past Medical Knowledge/Abu Bakr al-Razi Physicians wanted to be respectful to Hellenistic predecessors. Doubts against Galen by phys. and philosopher Abu Bakr al-Razi (Al Razi)- believed in progress of knowledge Works were influential, but could mot serve as principles of medicine EM 2 Pg. 202

Hospitals/Institutions S Nasiri Hospitals Located in Cairo Completed in 1284 Had annual endowment of 1 million dirhams in local currency. Palace with accommodations for over 8,000 people Separate wards: fever, opthalmia, surgical cases, dysentery, a pharmacy, dispensary, storeroom, mosque, and a library. Nasiri had attendents of both sexes and lecture halls for scholars to learn from current physicians EM 2 Pg. 202

Physicians S Kitab al-Hawi, by Al-Razi Contains many persoanl observations and interesting case histories Contains information on first clear account of smallpox and measles Served as a general principle for medical science EM 2 Pg. 202

Physicians S Kitab al-Hawi, by Al-Razi Contains many personal observations and interesting case histories Contains information on first clear account of smallpox and measles Served as a general principle for medical science EM 2 Pg. 202

Hospitals/Institutions S Kitab al-Hawi, by Al-Razi Contains many persoanl observations and interesting case histories Contains information on first clear account of smallpox and measles Served as a general principle for medical science Ibn Sina Wrote “Canon of Medicine”-became medical textbook of the Islamic world. Also became textbook for the Latin West Printed 36 times in 15 th and 16 th centuries EM 2 Pg. 202

Physicians/Society S Canon Highly critiqued Philosopher Ibn Rushd rejected Canon and used the paper to write prescriptions on In the East, Canon was more favored Attracted commentators-Ibn al-Nafis director of Nasiri hospital EM 2 Pg. 202

Physicians/Theories S/P Ibn al-Nafis Director of Nasiris Hospital “Ibn al-Nafis argued for the first time for the existence of pulmonary circulation, claiming that blood pumped by the right ventricle is sent to the lungs where it mixes with air and then returns to the left ventricle.” Assumption not made by anatomical dissection, but logical argument! EM 2 Pg. 202