Tissues Chapter 5

Introduction Tissue-a group of similar cells that perform a specialized function Four major types of tissue: Epithelial-form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption Connective-support softer body parts and bind structures together Muscle-produce body movements Nervous-conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities

http://www. bio. davidson http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/index_clip_image001.jpg

Epithelial Tissues: General Characteristics They…cover organs, form inter linings of cavities, and line hollow organs Always has a surface exposed The underside is anchored to connective tissue by a thin, nonliving layer, called the basement membrane They lack blood vessels but nutrients get to them by diffusion through the connective tissue below it

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/review1_fall05_chap_tissue5_files/image009.jpg

Epithelial cells divide quickly which allows for injuries to heal rapidly (where they are they get damaged quite a bit) Tightly packed which allows them to be great protective barriers like outside of skin They secrete, absorb, excrete, and aid in sensory reception

http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg

Classified according to shape and number of layers: Simple-composed of a single layer of cells Stratified-two or more layers of cells Squamous-thin flattened cells Cuboidal-cube shaped Columnar-elongated cells Structure affects function with these tissues!!!!

http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg

Simple Squamous epithelium Single layer of thin, flattened cells Main function is diffusion and filtration Line air sacs (alveoli) of lungs and capillaries of blood and lymph for gas exchange Easily damaged http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/BerndCV/Lab/EpithelialInfoWeb/handdrawn2.jpg

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelium/simple_cuboidal.jpg

http://www. biosci. ohiou http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios171/images/lab1/columnar.jpg

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/Pseudostratw.jpg

webanatomy.net

http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/stratified-cuboidal-epithelium.png

http://www. baileybio. com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/13 http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/13.powerpoint_-_urinary_system/transitional_epithelium.jpg

http://images. tutorvista http://images.tutorvista.com/content/tissues/glandular-epithelium-tissue.jpeg

Glandular Epithelium Glands secrete their products into ducts that open onto some internal or external surface are called exocrine glands Glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood are called endocrine glands Exocrine glands are split into three groups

http://home.earthlink.net/~bellastuff/nutrition/glands.gif

Excretory glands Sweat and saliva Mammary glands Sebaceous glands of the skin

Connective Tissues Connective tissues Bind structures Connective tissue video Connective tissues Bind structures Provide support and protection Serve as frameworks Fill spaces Store fat Produce blood cells Protect against infections Help repair tissue damage

General Characteristics Father apart than epithelial cells, have an abundance of intercellular material or matrix between them (made of fibers and ground substance) Can usually divide Most have good blood supplies Quite rigid (bone and cartilage) Some flexible (loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and dense connective tissue)

http://asavory. edublogs http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg

Major cell types Some are fixed cells (fibroblasts and mast cells) appear in stable numbers, some are wandering cells (macrophages) which appear temporarily Fibroblasts-produce fibers by secreting proteins into the matrix of connective tissues (most common fixed cells)

Fibroblasts

Macrophages (histocytes)- start as white blood cells and carry on phagocytosis Can move around and are scavenger cells that clear foreign particles from tissues http://srxa.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/macrophage-2.jpg

Mast cells large and usually located near blood vessels they release heparin (prevents blood clotting) and histamine (promotes inflammation and allergies) http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Mastocytosis/PublishingImages/Human_mast_cell.jpg

Three types of connective tissue fibers Collagenous fibers - thick threads of the protein collagen Collagenous fibers are important components of body pats that hold structures together Ligaments – connect bones to bones Tendons – connects muscles to bones Elastic fibers – composed of protein called elastin Elastic fibers are weaker and stretch easily Found in body parts that stretch like vocal cords Reticular fibers – thin collagenous fibers Highly branched and form delicate support networks

http://www. whitetigernaturalmedicine http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/craniosacral-therapy/story-craniosacral-therapy-inst-08

6 Types of connective tissue Connective tissue proper: Loose connective tissue Adipose tissue Dense (fibrous) connective tissue Specialized connective tissue: Cartilage Bone Blood

http://asavory. edublogs http://asavory.edublogs.org/files/2012/11/20_05ConnectiveTissue-L-10fyvfx.jpg

Loose connective tissue Function: Binds organ together; holds tissue fluids Location: Beneath skin, between muscles, beneath epithelial tissues General characteristics: Forms thin membranes throughout the body

Loose connective tissue http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/images/areolar_01.jpg

Adipose tissue Function: Protects, insulates, stores fat Location: Beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart General characteristics: Fat, which is a specialized form of loose connective tissue, develops when certain cells store fat in droplets within their cytoplasm that enlarge

Adipose tissue http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/musculoskeletal/adipose_tissue_white_40x.jpg

Dense connective tissue Function: Binds organs together Location: Tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin General characteristics: Consists of many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers

Dense connective tissue http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg6_files/image013.jpg

Hyaline cartilage Function: Supports, protects, provides framework Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in the walls of respiratory passages General characteristics: Most common type; has very fine collagenous fivers in its matrix and looks somewhat like white glass

Hyaline cartilage http://washington.uwc.edu/about/wayne.schaefer/TISSUES/hyaline_cartilage1.jpg http://www.chiropractic-help.com/images/Hyaline-cartilage-degenerate.jpg

Elastic cartilage Function: Supports, protects, provides flexible framework Location: Framework of external ear and parts of larynx General characteristics: Contains a dense network of elastic fibers; is more flexible than hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Connective_Tissues/Cartilage_Integument/Elastic_Cartilage_400x_PA112033lbd.JPG

Fibrocartilage Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee General characteristics: Very tough tissue, contains many collagenous fibers

Fibrocartilage http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/connective_tissue_lab/images/fibrocartilage.jpg

Bone Function: Supports, protects, provides framework Location: Bones of skeleton General characteristics: Most rigid connective tissue, made of bones cells or osteocytes

Bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/250px-Illu_long_bone.jpg

Blood Function: Transports substances, helps maintain stable internal environment Location: Throughout body within a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers General characteristics: Transports a variety of material between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment; has red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (cell fragments)

Blood http://0.tqn.com/d/hepatitis/1/0/e/0/-/-/I2Blood.jpg

Skeletal muscle tissue (striated) Function: Voluntary movements of skeletal parts Location: Muscles usually attached to bones General characteristics: Found in muscles that attach to bones and are controlled by conscious effort

Skeletal muscle tissue (striated)

Smooth muscle tissue (lacks striations) Function: Involuntary movements of internal organs Location: Walls of hollow internal organs General characteristics: Its cells do not have striations; cells cannot be stimulated by conscious effort

Smooth muscle tissue (lacks striations) http://www.deanza.edu/faculty/mccauley/6a_site_images/tissues-images/smooth-muscle-670.jpg

Cardiac muscle tissue (striated) Function: Heart movements Location: Heart muscle General characteristics: Is only in the heart, controlled involuntarily

Cardiac muscle tissue (striated) http://faculty.irsc.edu/faculty/sschwartz/Lab%20No19.jpg

Nervous tissue Function: Sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses Location: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves General characteristics: Basic cells are called neurons, also includes neuroglial cells which are supporting cells that connect neurons to other body parts

http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/deanderson/dennis-tutorial/dennis-jpeg/Nervous%20Tissue-high%20mag%20D-%20copy