27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop GEOLAND workshop Medium resolution change detection April 2005, JRC, Ispra EEA’s requirements for European assessments of the Environment Jean-Louis Weber Spatial Analysis Group European Environment Agency

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop EEA in the GMES “diamond” as in COM(2004) 65 final EIONET REPORTNET Assessments Data service European User Information system, GIS, Environmental Accounts Scenarios

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Main policy focus  6th EAP & most thematic strategies  Water framework directive: river basin management, ecological monitoring  Natura 2000: pressure by land use, connectivity…  Biodiversity: ecosystem based approach  Land planning: ESDP/ESPON, ICZM, Urban strategy, Regional policies, transport  Agriculture-environment  Sustainable development: Natural Capital issue  Access to European pertinent environmental information by all levels of governance and citizens  Focus on priorities: “risk based data collection”

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Integrated spatial assessment at the EEA 1. Land use systems: urban, agriculture, forestry, transport… 2. Ecosystems: wetlands, dry grasslands, forests, agro-ecosystems, water ecosystems… 3. Water systems (water bodies): groundwater, rivers, lakes, coastal water… 4. Landscapes where 1, 2, 3 interact: landscape types, ecological corridors…  Data assimilation with  GIS (CLC, WISE, INSPIRE…)  Environmental accounting (physical & monetary)  Stratification(s) of site monitoring data  Data modelling

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Platform for Integrated Spatial Assessment of Land, Biodiversity & Water, based on Corine Land Cover

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Environmental Accounts for Integrating Environmental, Economic & Social Data and Assessing Sustainable development Natural Capital Accounts Production, Consumption Income & Capital Accounts Social Accounting Matrixes Depletion, Degradation & Formation of Natural Capital Distribution of Income & Consumption Patterns Ownership of Natural Assets Use of Free Goods & Services

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Natura 2000 sites Landscape Natural Potential Legend Ecological corridors are fragmented by roads, railways, dams, and urban sprawl, which partition Natura2000 sites from other sites and ecosystems. In addition to losses of habitats, species trend to be isolated and therefore endangered. Total urban sprawl Roads Source: EEA/Corine land cover / Land Accounts Project Provisional results Spatial integration of data on land cover & Natura 2000 Urban sprawl over semi-natural land

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Integration in SEEA’s Land & Ecosystem Accounts CORE LAND COVER ACCOUNT ECOSYSTEM ACCOUNTS Soil Flora & Fauna Water system Atmosphere/ Climate Ecosystem services Ecosystem potentials Integrity, health & viability Vulnerability LAND USE ACCOUNTS Land use economic & social functions Artificiality of land Intensity of use Production & Consumption Natural Assets Population Infrastructures & Technologies

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Land cover account, Comunidad de Madrid, Source: Corine land cover  Land COVER accounts are implemented at the EEA from CLC2000 Land and ecosystem accounts…  …measure stocks as well as change due to gains and losses (flows)  …are made of Land Cover Accounts Land Use Accounts Ecosystem Accounts  …are part of the UN system of environmental & economic accounting

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Land use accounts & functions Spatial monitoring + Socio-eco statistics Urban Natural Rural

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Typical variables of ecosystem accounts

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Individual v.s. geo-statistical monitoring/ accounting WETLANDS 1990 OF N-W EUROPE EEA/ETCTE (courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Stratification issue: “natural length scales” Space/time dynamics of a system Noise vs. signal, monitoring of trends Improved correlations  Space oCLC & CLC change as a spatial infrastructure oOther geographical infrastructure: rivers, catchments, NUTS/LAU, transport, soil… (INSPIRE) oLandscape modelling oTargeted land cover mapping large scale): cities, protected areas…  Time oTime cycles: 1 day, 10 days, 1 month, 1 season, 1 year, 3 years, 10 years, 30 years… oShort cycles matter: meteorology, soil humidity, phenology…

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Spatial stratification and modelling (e.g., N surplus calculation vs. strata) DF, national criteria and thresholds Stratification (with Agri.Stats, CLC & Population) N surplus calculation (based on Agri-stats, CLC and Ifen /EEA model)

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Time stratification: e.g. water resource/demand Mean annual values may tell the same stories (i.e. no water shortage in the river)… … for very different conditions. Variability matters…

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Spatial data sets and water related issues (sketch) “Image 2000”Corine LCLC ChangesParcellisationStratificationConnectivityNatura 2000MonitoringStatistics Emission /surplus Land accounts InfrastructuresApportionment

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Integration of space monitoring into ecosystem accounting: CLC as a directory x structure/texture stratification x short time variability Vegetation productivity, seasonal change (MERIS/JRC-IES) Fires Droughts (SPOT4-Vegetation/ CNES – Vito) Forest structure (MODIS-Multi-angle/JRC-IES) Texture, parcelisation changes 1988 – 1998 (Landsat/JRC-IES)

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop EEA’s expectations to space monitoring for European assessments 1. Secure the continuation of Corine land cover (the backbone of the system)  High resolution, medium infrared, free access pre-processed data, EU full coverage 5 years 2. Supply assessment of texture/ structure elements: oParcel borders and small linear features: same as 1, enhanced panchromatic oVegetation structure of forests & open landscape: medium resolution, multi-angle imaging 3. Permanent monitoring of: oVegetation, phenological cycles oPrimary & ecosystem productivity oWater in soil, irrigation oTemporary humidity, wetlands oConversions pasture-arable land oFloods, storms, forest fires  Medium resolution (300m), medium infrared, 10 days synthesis 4. Monitoring of main land cover change between 2 CLCs oAggregated land cover accounts, not the full CLC resolution (tests with GLOBCOVER2005)  Medium resolution (300m), EU full coverage 3 years 5. Support to European Neighbourhood (Pan-Eur. & Medit.) and Global Solidarity policies oSame as 4, every 5 years  Medium resolution (300m), World full coverage 5 years 6. Development of targeted land services & coordination with the European perspective (risk based data management) oMultiple requirement

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Integrated land cover, land use and ecosystem monitoring & accounting – a nested approach T T+3 T+7 T+10 1/ Corine Land Cover (EU/Countries, Regions, Basins, Ecological corridors) 1/ (LC main trends, Vegetation & Humidity + Pan-European, Global …) Fauna, Flora, Physico-Chemical parameters Socio- Economic Statistics In situ monitoring Fauna, Flora, Physico-Chemical parameters Socio- Economic Statistics 1/25 or (Cities, Natura2000 sites, coastal zones, risk areas)

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Scale issue of urban land use monitoring/ accounting Legend: Urban fabric Green urban area 500 m belt Copenhagen: green urban areas and the 500m belts around them (courtesy MOLAND/ JRC IES) For Europe, about urban zones......of which 900 urban morphological zones > inhab. MOLAND monitors 50 cities at present UMZ 1990 > inhabitants – EEA / ETCTE

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop geoland geoland OSP Comparing CLC2000 and CLC+ Observatory Spatial Planning Christian Hoffmann GeoVille CLC / CLC+ legend Urban fabric Industrial, commercial and transport units Mine, dump & construction sites Artificial vegetated areas Agricultural areas Forests & semi-natural areas Wetlands Water bodies Artificial surfaces (both) Artificial surfaces (only CLC+) Artificial surfaces (only CLC) Non-artificial surfaces (both) Degree of agreement: 85% for artificial areas Generalization CLC 1 : CLC+ 1 : Artificial surfaces CLC and CLC+

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop geoland geoland OSP Getting the picture: Potential conflicts in land use Observatory Spatial Planning Christian Hoffmann GeoVille Land cover accounts Land consumption for urban expansion Urban fabric Industrial areas Artificial vegetated areas Agricultural areas Forest Wetlands Waterbodies ha Formation Consumption Flows Urban residential sprawl Accounting units: 1 x 1 km grid cells CLC+ map of Vorarlberg (Austria) Land cover changes Sprawl of economic sites Sustainability of land consumption? Net change of land cover

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop MERIS/GLOBCOVER for land accounting: land cover flows Urban sprawl Urban residential sprawl Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures Agriculture internal conversions Extension of set aside fallow land and pasture Conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops (Conversion arable land / permanent irrigation perimeters and rice fields) Conversion from permanent crops to arable land (Conversion from vineyards and orchards to arable land) (Conversion from olive groves to arable land) Conversion from arable land to permanent crops (Conversion from arable land to vineyards and orchards) (Conversion from arable land to olive groves) Extension of agro-forestry Conversions of land to agriculture Conversion from forest to agriculture Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural and to agriculture Conversion from wetlands to agriculture Conversion from developed areas to agriculture Withdrawal of farming Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation Forests creation and management Conversion from transitional woodland to forest Forest creation, forestation Forests internal conversions Recent felling and transition Water bodies creation and management Changes of Land Cover due to natural and multiple causes Semi-natural creation from agriculture or forest land Semi-natural rotation Forests and shrubs fires Coastal erosion Change in permanent snow & glaciers cover Other changes and unknown

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop MERIS/GLOBCOVER for land accounting: minimizing the diagonal effect

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop MERIS/ GLOBCOVER for land accounting: nomenclature for land cover accounts in Europe

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop MERIS/GLOBCOVER for land accounting: the feasibility  Pros and cons: frequency vs. resolution  Multi-temporal observation of rotations/ conversions  Objects classification  CLC as “ground truth”  Feasibility: oEuropean classification oLand cover accounts

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop Beyond MERIS/GLOBCOVER for land accounting in Europe…  Europe’s neighbourhood oPan-Europe: Post-Kiev/Belgrade oMediterranean  Partnerships: e.g. Canada  Medium resolution land cover change accounts as an input to global assessments: oMillennium Ecosystem Assessment oLUCC oInternational Conventions and strategies oSEEA/ Environmental accounts

27-28 April 2005Geoland workshop From land cover accounts to ecosystem accounts and land use accounts: services at the medium resolution?  Spatial monitoring in support to in situ monitoring of fauna and flora, e.g.: oExtent, distribution, patterns of ecosysems oPhenology, productivity oTemporary humidity, water stress oIntegrity/ fragmentation of corridors oExtreme events (storms, floods, fires…)  Nested implementation of accounts of land use functions (urban, food/agriculture, other rural landscape functions, tourism, transport, industry…), e.g.: oDensification/sealing of urban discontinuous fabric oIntensification/ extensification of agriculture oIrrigation oAssimilation with local data (maps & stats…)