LSA FAA definition Max gross takeoff weight = 1320 lbs Max stall speed = 45 knots Maximum speed in level flight = 120 knots

ASTM F guidelines Limit load factors Ultimate load factor of safety = 1.5 Special ultimate S.F.s for hinges, bearings, pins, control components Flight conditions Design speeds

45 knots = Stall speed (LSA) 99.6 knots= Minimum maneuvering Speed 108 knots = Minimum cruise 120 knots = Maximum cruise (LSA) 160 knots = Dive speed

Flight envelope VsVs V A V C,max V D

Total Loads Level flight 1320 lbs Design Limit load = 5280 lbs Ultimate load = 7920 lbs (for 3 seconds)

XFLR5 Simulations –Various A.O.A. and Reynolds numbers –Wing panels Data (spreadsheet) –Aerodynamic coefficients –Lift, drag, and moment forces

XFLR5

Distribution

Shear and bending Integrate ultimate load equations –From 0(root) to 8ft (airfoil switch) F = x –From 8ft to tip (15ft) F = x x

Torsion/control loads 75% positive maneuvering load, plus torsion from max aileron displacement Gust loads at V F with flaps extended (7.5 m/s)

Gusts Symmetric vertical gusts (up and down) –15 m/s at V C –7.5 m/s at V D