Defined in to directions by management thinkers. – Based on futurity – As an intellectual function Based on futurity: – “Planning is a trap laid down to capture the future” (Allen) – “Deciding in advance what is to be done in future” (Koontz) – “Informed anticipation of future”( Haimann) – Anticipatory decision making” (R L Ackoff)

Long range Vs Short range Strategic Vs Operational Corporate Vs Functional Proactive Vs Reactive Standing Vs Single Use

Long range plans are Covers many years and affects many departments of the business this goes on more than 5 years. I this long term goals and strategies are involved. Short range plans are more specific and detail. Its maximum goes upto the 1 year.in this only the current operations of organisation are involved

These plans the based on primary jugdemental. Adapt to external environment based on internal strengths. These goes on more than 5 years. Thes are based on exact data and standards. They also involves in implementing internal goals. These goes on not more than a year.

6 Corporate Plan – A comprehensive plan that outlines the broad objectives of a company as a whole and develops plans to achieve those objectives – Focus on organizational performance Functional Plan – Is unit planning and deals with different departments in an isolated manner. – Focus on departmental performance

7 Proactive Planning – Managers challenge the future, anticipating future contingencies and get ready with alternative routes for unforeseen circumstances reactive Planning – Organizations react to events as and when they arise

8 Standing Plans – Developed for activities that recur regularly over a period of time Ex: – Objectives, Policies, Procedures, Methods, Rules Single Use plans – Developed to carry out a course of action that is not likely to be repeated in future Ex: – Programmes, Schedules, Projects, Budgets

9 Hierarchy of Plans Purpose or Mission Procedures Strategies Policies: Major or Minor Rules Objectives Programs: Major or minor and supporting Budgets: numberized programs

We must plan for the future, because people who stay in the present will remain in the past.