The Structure of Molecules Determines the Function Ex. Gloves have specific shape that gives them the ability to do certain things

4.C.1 – Variation In Structure Provides A Wide Range of Functions Carbon has ___ unpaired electrons so it forms ___ covalent bonds Hugh variety of shapes

C compounds may form ____ Lines represent _________ Connected lines represent ______ C atoms are numbered

Isomers

Functional group – group of atoms attached to an organic molecule that helps determine the function of the molecule Why are functional groups important?

Common Functional groups OH CH 3 SH COOH NH 2

4.A.1 - Subcomponents and Their Sequence Determines Properties

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrate Monomers

Carbohydrates What are disaccharides?

Carbohydrates: Function Energy; stored energy - ________, ________ Structure – __________, _____________ Cell-to-cell communication, identification (glycoproteins, glycolipids) –Antigens/antibodies

Lipids are insoluble ion water

Triglycerides: Fats

Triglycerides - Fats

Saturated No double bonds Solids Animal fats - grease, lard, butter Unsaturated Double bond(s) Liquids Plant fats (oil) Corn, peanut, olive oils Triglycerides

Phospholipids Amphipathic? ?

Phospholipids

Micelle – phospholipids spontaneously form a sphere in water

Steroids - insoluble in water

Steroids Arrangement of functional groups is critical

Importance of Lipids Energy (Ex.?) Padding (Ex.?) Insulation (Ex.?) Structure (Ex.?) Hormones (Ex.?)

Type of Protein FunctionExample StructureSupportCollagen, keratin, elastin StorageStore amino acidsCasein – milk Transport ? HormonesSignaling? ReceptorRespond to signalsNerve, muscle, senses ContractileMovementActin, myosin DefensiveProtectionAntibodies EnzymesAccelerate reactionsCatalase

Proteins - Amino Acids

Proteins – long chains of peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

Proteins

Four levels of protein structure: –Primary –Secondary –Tertiary –Quaternary

Proteins: Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Denaturation

Nucleic Acids

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology***

# 1 – Formation of Monomers From Low Energy Molecules (Miller-Urey)

#2 – Formation of Polymers from Monomers RNA nucleotides and amino acids will spontaneously polymerize when solutions of amino acids are dripped onto hot sands or clays

#3 – Origin of Self- Replicating Molecules Claim: RNA may have acted as an early catalyst for polymerization and/or molecule to store code. Evidence: RNA (simpler than DNA) will: –Act as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions –Assemble itself (polymerization) –Replicate itself – make more code to be passed to the next generation

# 4 – Formation of A Protocell Protobiont – 1 st life