Objective: 1)Explain the multiple step process known as “the central dogma” or “the flow of genetic information”. 2)Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 3)Compare and contrast three types of RNA

Agenda Thursday 11/19: 1)Warm-Up 2)All About RNA (whole class) 3)Protein Synthesis (rotating partners) 4)Turn-in Protein Synthesis

Warm-up Thursday 11/19/15: This is a cell.

Warm-up Thursday 11/19/15: This is the nucleus.

Warm-up Thursday 11/19/15: This is where most cellular processes happen.

Warm-up Thursday 11/19/15: This is where the instructions for those processes are.

Warm-up Thursday 11/19/15: What’s your theory for how the cell gets its instructions for how to function? Explain how you think genetic instructions (DNA) from the nucleus get to the cytoplasm and the rest of the cell.

RNA & Protein Synthesis “The Central Dogma” or “The Flow of Genetic Information”

Vocabulary Terms RNA Uracil mRNA rRNA tRNA Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis RNA polymerase Ribosome Amino Acid Polypeptide Codon Anticodon

1. All About RNA

RNA is a biological molecule like DNA. RNA and DNA have some similarities: - They are both nucleic acids - They are both made of nucleotides.

RNA and DNA have some differences: DNARNA Double-strandedSingle-stranded Deoxyribose sugarRibose sugar Four Nucleotides: G-C, A-T (thymine) Four Nucleotides: G-C, A-U (uracil) Strands that are 100s or 1,000s genes long Strands that are 1 gene long

Comparing DNA & RNA Instructions: Draw a picture demonstrating the differences between DNA and RNA. It can be creative or dry. Create a visual aid to accompany your table.

There are three (3) kinds of RNA. - messenger RNA (mRNA) -ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - transfer RNA (tRNA)

mRNArRNAtRNA Make a table to compare the RNA’s.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an RNA “transcript”, or copy, of DNA. It’s the RNA version of a particular gene. (The process of transcribing the mRNA is called transcription.)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is RNA that makes up part of cellular machines, called ribosomes, that build proteins. (This process is called protein synthesis.)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is RNA that carries the amino acids to the ribosome. The tRNA “translates” the mRNA message. (This process is called translation.)

Why do you need RNA? DNA “cookbook” with RNA. DNA “cookbook” without RNA.

Cookbook Options Ms. Silva has a cookbook with her favorite recipe and she wants you all to make the dish at home. What would be the best way for you all to get the instructions for the recipe? Write down the pros and cons of each of the scenarios listed below: Option 1: Ms. Silva lets each student borrow the cookbook to make the recipe at home. Pros/Cons? Option 2: Ms. Silva takes the cookbook and makes copies of the recipe instructions for everyone in the class. Pros/Cons?

Flow of Genetic Information: DNA > RNA > Protein

Rotating Partners: Do not move any chairs – this is NOT a group activity You will perform each task with a DIFFERENT partner Follow the directions and work with your assigned partner Complete the “What to do after…” item from the board after each task.

What to do after... 1.Question #1: Give your partner a compliment 2.Question #2: Give someone with the same first letter of their name a high fiv3 3.Question #3: Do two jumping jacks 4.Flow of Genetic Information: Get a stamp from Ms. Silva 5.Question #4: Throw away a piece of trash 6.Question #5: Balance a book on your head for 5 seconds (two tries only!) 7.Translating a Polypeptide: Write your name upside down with your NON-writing hand

2. Everything You Didn’t Know You Needed to Know About Protein Synthesis

Protein Review Protein monomers are amino acids. Protein polymers are polypeptides.

Task #1 Question #1 a.What’s the difference between an amino acid and a polypeptide? b.Create an analogy showing the relationship between the two terms. STOP!

All proteins are made using only twenty (20) different amino acids.

Task #2 Question #2 a.How many different amino acids are there? b.Name two and show how they are abbreviated. STOP!

Humans can make 20,000 to 25,000 different proteins. Other organisms can make different proteins. DNA Review: Each gene codes for one protein.

Task #3 Question #3 a.How many genes do humans have? b.What might be one reason that the bodily tissues of different organisms aren’t compatible for transplants? STOP!

Flow of Genetic Information: Act One: Transcription Setting: Nucleus Characters: RNA Polymerase, DNA, mRNA Plot: DNA is unwound and “transcribed” (copied) by RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a gene from one of the DNA strands. This RNA copy of DNA is called mRNA. The mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Flow of Genetic Information: Act One: Transcription

Flow of Genetic Information: Act Two: Translation Setting: Cytoplasm Characters: mRNA, Ribosome, tRNA, Amino Acid, Polypeptide Plot: mRNA enters the ribosome (made of rRNA). The tRNA “translates” the mRNA message and brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are bonded together to “synthesize”(make) polypeptide chains that will be proteins.

Flow of Genetic Information: Act Two: Translation

Task #4 Flow of Genetic Information Instructions: Using your own words, put together from your own brain, write a description of “Act One” and “Act Two” of the Flow of Genetic Information. Include a visual aid demonstrating the how the “characters” are interacting during each “act” and label the “setting” in each diagram/picture. STOP!

Codons The entire mRNA is a copy of the code to make a protein. Every three (3) nucleotides on the mRNA is the code for one (1) amino acid. This is called a codon. m

Task #5 Question #4 What’s the difference between the entire mRNA transcript and a codon? STOP!

Each tRNA has a different anticodon and carries a different amino acid. Anticodons The codons are translated by tRNA, which has a 3-nucleotide “anticoder” called an anticodon. Anticodons are complementary to the codons.

Task #6 Question #5 a.What does it mean that the tRNA anticodon is “complementary” to the mRNA codon? b.Why do different tRNA molecules have different anticodons? STOP!

tRNA amino acid anticodon codon ribosome

Task #7 Translating a Polypeptide Instructions: Using the vocabulary words in the diagram above, explain what is happening in the diagram above. STOP!

Translation & Protein Synthesis

Flow of Genetic Information Overview