The Cold War Heats Up

America Begins to Rearm 1947 National Security Act 1947 National Security Act –Created Department of Defense to be housed in Pentagon –United military under Joint Chiefs of Staff –Established National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Resurrected draft Resurrected draft Continued growth of military economy Continued growth of military economy All of this stimulated by Cold War All of this stimulated by Cold War

NATO and The Warsaw Pact 1949: Western nations joined together in military alliance against Soviet aggression 1949: Western nations joined together in military alliance against Soviet aggression –US, Canada, France, GB, Italy, and Netherlands –FIRST PEACETIME MILITARY ALLIANCE IN US! 1955: Eastern European nations allied with Soviet Union in Warsaw Pact 1955: Eastern European nations allied with Soviet Union in Warsaw Pact –USSR, Czech, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania

Reconstruction in Japan US wanted Japan as an Asian bulwark against Communism US wanted Japan as an Asian bulwark against Communism Under MacArthur, US helped to economically reconstruct and democratize Japan Under MacArthur, US helped to economically reconstruct and democratize Japan Within a few decades, Japan became one of world’s strongest industrial powers Within a few decades, Japan became one of world’s strongest industrial powers

China Goes Communist Bitter civil war for years between Nationalists and Communists Bitter civil war for years between Nationalists and Communists 1949: China became Communist 1949: China became Communist –¼ of world population now Communist –Republicans ask “Who lost China?”

The Nuclear Arms Race 1949: Soviets exploded an atomic bomb 1949: Soviets exploded an atomic bomb Truman immediately ordered development of Hydrogen Bomb Truman immediately ordered development of Hydrogen Bomb –Einstein and Oppenheimer protested –US exploded first H-bomb on South Pacific atoll in 1952 –Soviets develop an H-bomb by 1953 –Now both countries capable of “MUTUAL DESTRUCTION”

Fears of Communism at Home Truman’s “loyalty program:” investigated disloyal organizations, has a “Loyalty Review Board” Truman’s “loyalty program:” investigated disloyal organizations, has a “Loyalty Review Board” Loyalty oaths, state Sedition Acts Loyalty oaths, state Sedition Acts 1938: House Un- American Activities Committee (HUAC) established 1938: House Un- American Activities Committee (HUAC) established –ALGER HISS CASE: Former government official guilty of perjury for denying he was a Communist spy.

Fears of Communism at Home ctnd. Anyone “out of norm” socially could be considered a communist. Anyone “out of norm” socially could be considered a communist. McCarran Internal Security Act passed over Truman’s veto: Gave president power to arrest and detain suspicious people McCarran Internal Security Act passed over Truman’s veto: Gave president power to arrest and detain suspicious people The Rosenbergs: Soviet spies who leaked atomic data to Soviets, helped them build bomb The Rosenbergs: Soviet spies who leaked atomic data to Soviets, helped them build bomb --Only people every executed in peacetime for espionage

Truman is Re-elected Election of 1948: Democrats split, seemed almost certain Truman would lose Election of 1948: Democrats split, seemed almost certain Truman would lose Surprise victory by Truman Surprise victory by Truman –Farmers, workers and blacks key to this Truman calls for two new programs Truman calls for two new programs –Point Four: Offers money and aid to underdeveloped lands to help them help themselves –Fair Deal” his version of domestic reform, used some principles of New Deal.

The Korean War Trouble in Korea: Trouble in Korea: –Had been divided after WWII into Communist North Korea supported by Soviets and South Korea supported by US and UN. –Division at the 38 th parallel June 1950: Using Soviet tanks, North Koreans crossed 38 th parallel June 1950: Using Soviet tanks, North Koreans crossed 38 th parallel US used as an excuse to increase military spending US used as an excuse to increase military spending –NSC-68: Quadrupled US defense spending! –Defense spending becomes a key part of US budget

The Korean War Begins Truman argued that America must help contain communism to just the North of Korea. Truman argued that America must help contain communism to just the North of Korea. UN troops led by American general MacArthur rushed to South Korea. UN troops led by American general MacArthur rushed to South Korea. Within three months they had pushed North Koreans back up over 38 th parallel. Within three months they had pushed North Koreans back up over 38 th parallel.

The Korean War Escalates Not satisfied, MacArthur fights in North Korea and pushes North Koreans all the way up to the border with China! Not satisfied, MacArthur fights in North Korea and pushes North Koreans all the way up to the border with China! China saw this as an attack, entered war against US China saw this as an attack, entered war against US MacArthur wanted a full- scale war with China, Truman eventually fires him, to keep Korea a limited war. MacArthur wanted a full- scale war with China, Truman eventually fires him, to keep Korea a limited war.

The Result: A Stalemate When war ends in 1953, border between North and South Korea almost the same as it had been before war. When war ends in 1953, border between North and South Korea almost the same as it had been before war. ean-stats-war.jpg ean-stats-war.jpg ean-stats-war.jpg ean-stats-war.jpg