Title: Mesoamerica Review & Democracy Forms In Latin America (LA) Warm-Up: 1.Hand in your review packet 2.Cross out the used side of your scantron 3.Write your name on the back of the scantron 4.Use: #51-65 to complete the review quiz

Review: Ancient Mesoamerican Civilizations Maya, Aztec, and Inca In your INB make a chart similar to the one below. As we review the ancient cultures record the facts in your chart. MayaAztecInca

Central Mexico Chinampas- floating gardens Tenochtitlan- capital city- causeways connect it to mainland Military focused Human sacrifice- especially to the sun god Calendar to keep track of worship Empire

Southern Mexico- Central America City- Tikal City-states- NOT an empire Math, astronomy and religion connected Raised beds and terrace farming Written- language of glyphs- records called codex

West coast of South America Empire Extensive road system with runner/messengers No written language Organized into ayllu- family groups with required work for the government Used quipu- knotted strings to record data Domesticated llamas Mysterious city- Machu Picchu

Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Africans Natives Colonized by Spanish, French, Dutch, Portuguese Unfair social class system Focus on cash crop economy

Haiti, Venezuela, Peru, Chili, Mexico all fight for independence, Brazil does not have to fight Independence movements are primarily led by Creoles or Slaves (Haiti) Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Hidalgo- all important nationalist leaders Following independence, the US gets involved in Latin America, interfering especially in economics

Democracy What is it? How do you get it? Why does everyone want it? What is it? Democracy- is a government by the people and for the people. Direct Democracy vs. Indirect Democracy Direct Democracy-a government in which citizens rule directly rather that through representatives. What classical civilization had a direct democracy? Indirect Democracy-a government in which representatives are popularly elected to fulfill the wishes of the people and withhold the traditions and principles of the nation. Which modern civilization best represents an indirect democracy?

How do you get it? Common PracticesConditions That Foster Those Practices Free Elections-Having more than one political party -Universal suffrage Citizen Participation-High levels of education & literacy -Economic security -Freedoms of Speech, Press, and assembly Majority Rule, Minority Rights-All citizens equal before the law -Shared national identity Protection of such individual rights as freedom of religion -Representatives elected by citizens to carry out their will Constitutional Government-Specific traditions and laws on which government is based -Wide spread knowledge about government’s workings -National acceptance of majority decisions -shared belief that no one is above the law

Why Does Everyone Want It? Using your knowledge of Global History and the various forms of governments that we have studied, in your INB take three minutes and free write about why a person or group of people would want to live under a Democratic nation.

Warm-Up: Please label: Brazil Mexico Venezuela Argentina Aztec Inca Mayas Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Panama Canal

Brazil

Social Issues Decreased funding for social programs led to decline of standard of living Government sponsored censorship Intense poverty

Economic Issues Cash-crop economy Large gap between the rich and the poor Leaders attempted to modernize and industrialize- fail Indebted to foreign nations Instituted land reform plans 1980s-recession Established pro-business policies in the 1990s 2002-economic growth stalled 2002-present-high unemployment

Political Issues Centuries of colonial rule left new nations unprepared for self-government Government styles ranged from dictatorships to democracies Opponents were “taken care of…”

Mexico

Social Issues : land reforms and labor rights installed 1946: Begins period of intense poverty 1968: Massacre at the Aztec Market 1994: Peasant rebellion in Chiapas Fox attempts to reform police Fox becomes an advocate for amnesty for millions of illegal Mexicans in the US

Economic Issues : Oil industry nationalized Huge foreign debt 1981: decline of oil prices sends economy on a downward spiral-too much dependence on one export NAFTA-agreement signed which removes trade barriers between the US, Canada, and Mexico 2000: Opens up economy to free-market forces

Political Issues Political stability for most of the 20 th - Century PRI corruption Post 1988: gradual opening of political system 1997: PRI lost majority control of congress 2000: Vicente Fox becomes President ending 71 years of PRI rule

Argentina

Social Issues Perón: limited freedoms & created a broad welfare state s: torture and murder were everyday events Several thousand Argentines disappeared and were kidnapped by the Argentine government

Economic Issues Major exporter of grain and beef Large working class population Welfare state under Perón IMF (International Monetary Fund) provided financial aid to Argentina to improve financial status 2002: 24% unemployment rate $132 billion in debt (defaulted on this) Currency devalued after default

Political Issues Perón went from President to dictator 1955: Perón overthrown by military and forces into exile : Military controlled government 1976: Brutal dictatorship established 1982: Lost was with Britain over Falkland Islands 1983: Raúl Alfinsín becomes President in the nations first free election in over 37 years. Since 1983: Democratic nation

Latin America Struggles for Democracy Important Leaders (1900-Present Day) Day 2

Juan Peron Elected Argentine President for three terms Overthrown by the military and forced into exile in 1955 While in office: improved infrastructure, supported workers movement, and paid off foreign debt Wife: Eva Peron “Evita” adored by the Argentine people The Perons crushed any opposition to their rule (Juan Peron & Evits 3:07)

Raul Alfonsin Human Rights lawyer President of Argentina “Dirty War” occurred during his presidency Economy suffered under his leadership Is credited with restoring Democracy to Argentina

Carlos Menem Born 1930 Juan Peron was his idol Served as governor of La Rioja and Buenos Aires Served as President of Argentina from Corrupt administration

Nestor Kirchner President of Argentina ( ) Former governor of oil-rich province of Santa Cruz Wife was a popular and influential Senator during his terms Goal: was to improve the economy

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Born 1953 Influential Senator before becoming President Wife of former President of Argentina Nestor Kirchner First elected female president (2007-Present)

Getulio Vargas Dictator of Brazil in the 1930s Suppressed opposition Ruled for 18 years Tried to improve the economy through improved industry Considered the father of the Brazilian poor

Juscelino Kubitschek Brazilian President Developed Brazilian economy Built new capital-Brasilia (too expensive) Land reforms-broke up large estates and gave land to the peasants (Brasilia 2:13)

Jose Sarney Brazilian President Lawyer Country had huge debt and high inflation Could not solve economic problems and lost support

Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian President from Former Senator Some success with economic and political issues that the country was facing Promoted free-market economics Tried to close the gap between the rich and the poor

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Current Brazilian President Assumed office 2003 Won reelection and will serve until 2011 Social programs top his agenda

(Mexico’s History 20:39)

Carlos Salinas Mexican President Youngest President in Mexican history Harvard educated Disgraced politician-economic policies devalued the Peso (currency) by 200% and sent the country into a terrible recession Signed NAFTA Forced into exile for some time

Vicente Fox Worked his way up in the Coca Cola Corporation Elected to Congress in 1988 Former Mexican President ( ) Supports capitalism “Down-to-earth man of the people” (PRI & Vicente Fox 1:31)

Felipe Calderon Became Mexican President after closest election in Mexican history Opposes US’ building of a wall between the US-Mexico border Harvard educated lawyer Promises to continue free-market economic policies Goals: improve poverty & expand healthcare and education Mexican President (2006-Present)

Hugo Chavez Born 1954 In and out of prison for failed political coups Outspoken Socialist leader “President” of Venezuela (1999- Present) Supports universal education and health care Hates the US under the Bush administration-warming up to America under Obama’s administration

Case Study: Brazil Time Line: 1822: Independent from Portugal- monarchy 1889: Republican government established 1930s: Getulio Vargas becomes dictator : Juscelino Kubitschek governs 1964: Military takes over 1980s: Brazil enters a recession 1985: Jose Sarney become president 1994 and 1998: Ferdando Henrique Cardoso is president 2002: Da Silva beats Jose Serra in the election

Time Line: 1946: Juan Peron becomes president and then establishes a dictatorship- Argentines idolize his wife, Evita : Peron makes Argentina a welfares state, but limits freedoms 1952: Peron is ousted by military and the Catholic Church : Military control 1973: Peron returns, put dies 1976: Military seizes control again and establish a brutal dictatorship- thousands disappear or die 1983: Raul Alfonsin is elected president- tries to rebuild democracy and the economy 1990s: More economic problems Case Study: Argentina

Case Study: Mexico Time Line: 1917: Mexican Constitution promises democracy and reforms : Generals serve as presidents under the ruling party the National Revolutionary Party : President Lazaro Cardenas rules- tries to improve lives of peasants, nationalizes oil industry, kicks out foreign oil companies 1946: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) comes to power- controls congress and wins every presidential election, faces severe economic problems, huge foreign debt 1968: Massacre at Aztec market when soldiers open fire on protesters 1980s: oil prices fell and Mexico enters an economic decline 1988: PRI elects Salinas president- he signs NAFTA 1997: PRI is defeated in elections when Vicente Fox become s president 2002: Fox cretes an agency to work on interests of Mexico’s citizens who live in the US

One-Party Rule in Mexico Mexican Constitution passed in 1917 following the Mexican Revolution. Constitution outline democracy and promised reforms National Revolutionary Party is created by Mexican Presidents who served from NRP changes its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Would control Mexican politics for the next 71 years. Although Mexico had a stable government under PRI control, it was not a perfect Democracy. Party members were corrupt and ensured that only PRI members would be elected to office. Beginning in 1988 after decades of protests and uprisings members of other political parties did win seats in Mexico’s Congress. This began a gradual opening of the political system in Mexico Center-right candidate Vicente Fox won the Presidency ending PRI rule. Significance-Mexico has finally begun to resemble a true Democratic nation.

Day 3 These slides and the document practice activity?

OASDeforestation Social/Economic ProblemsOther Issues

The Organization of American States (OAS) brings together the countries of the Western Hemisphere to strengthen cooperation and advance common interests. It is the region’s premier forum for multilateral dialogue and concerted action. At the core of the OAS mission is an unequivocal commitment to democracy, as expressed in the Inter-American Democratic Charter: “The peoples of the Americas have a right to democracy and their governments have an obligation to promote and defend it.” Building on this foundation, the OAS works to promote good governance, strengthen human rights, foster peace and security, expand trade, and address the complex problems caused by poverty, drugs and corruption. Through decisions made by its political bodies and programs carried out by its General Secretariat, the OAS promotes greater inter-American cooperation and understanding. The OAS member states have intensified their cooperation since the end of the Cold War, taking on new and important challenges. In 1994 the region’s 34 democratically elected presidents and prime ministers met in Miami for the First Summit of the Americas, where they established broad political, economic and social development goals. They have continued to meet periodically since then to examine common interests and priorities. Through the ongoing Summits of the Americas process, the region’s leaders have entrusted the OAS with a growing number of responsibilities to help advance the countries’ shared vision. OAS goals: Fight Corruption, Combat Illegal Drugs, Fostering Free Trade, Strengthening Security, Protecting Human Rights, Defending democracy.

The lush amazon rain forest stretches about 2.7 million square miles. Brightly colored parrots, swift jaguars and fierce piranhas make their home in the tropical forest and its many rivers. Monkeys swing among high branches and vines. The Amazon holds one-fifth of the planet's freshwater supply and the world's widest variety of life. For decades, this wildlife wonderland has been shrinking as farmers and others clear the land. Last week Brazil's government confirmed what environmentalists have feared: the 1990s were a terrible decade for the rain forest. According to newly released information, the destruction of the forest in Brazil reached record levels in In that year alone, 11,200 square miles were burned or cleared. That's nearly twice what was lost in Overall, one- eighth of the giant rain forest has been destroyed. The bad news from Brazil was followed by a ray of hope. Brazil promised last week to do a better job enforcing laws that protect its natural treasure. Who's Killing The Forest? Loggers, miners and farmers from Brazil and nearby countries have been rapidly moving into the Amazon since the 1960s. Some cut down trees for wood and paper. Others simply burn the forest to clear the land. Construction of roads and airplane runways has also damaged the region. The loss of trees is called deforestation. Space satellites regularly take pictures of the Amazon. The information released by Brazil last week was based on these pictures. Deforestation slowed down in 1996 and But that's not necessarily because people were protecting the forest. It's because heavy rainfall made it harder to burn trees. "These numbers are no reason to celebrate," admits Brazil's Environment Minister, Gustavo Krause. Stephan Schwartzman of the Environmental Defense Fund calls the pace of destruction "alarming." He and other scientists are worried that they will run out of time to study the plants and animals of the rich forest. "The great tragedy is how much isn't known," he says. Cracking Down On Criminals To slow down deforestation, Brazil decided last week to get tougher on people who abuse the Amazon. In 1996 Brazil placed limits on clearing land in the region. But officials did not always enforce the laws. Now those who damage the rain forest will be punished with big fines and ordered to repair the damage. "This can make a big difference," says Schwartzman. "There is hope."

It is probably true that left-wing parties and governments are currently stronger in Latin America than anywhere else in the world. There are diverse reasons for this depending on the country, but there are also some common threads. Left-wing parties have tended to do well by offering something different from the dominant free market policies which previous governments followed, promising more to the poor, playing the anti-Bush card - the war in Iraq is deeply unpopular in the region - and speaking of Latin American integration In the 1980s Latin America led the world in following the so-called Washington consensus, by which governments were encouraged to liberalise and privatise their economies. Many governments went much further down that path than in other parts of world, but the results have been disappointing. Out of a population of around 550 million, 220 million are still poor and 100 million are extremely so, living on less than $1 a day. GDP per capita has remained constant over the last 20 years, or at least has grown very slowly compared with East Asia for example. Income is static at around $4,000 per capita. Income inequality is either stagnant or only slightly better, in a region that is already very bad. The 2005 UN development report showed that Latin America was the worst in the world for inequality, along with sub- Saharan Africa. Brazil is infamous for being a very unequal society - second only to Sierra Leone in the world, according to some measurements. Sao Paulo has the highest number of helicopters per capita, as the wealthy commute to avoid the slum areas, or favelas. But many other Latin American societies are also very unequal. Mexico boasts the fourth richest man in the world, according to Forbes - Carlos Slim with an estimated fortune of $46bn - and several billionaires. One of the reasons for this is Mexico's low tax intake, which is less than Senegal's as a percentage of GDP.

However, there is also what many observers call the democratic deficit, which has taken two forms. One is related to the growing disillusionment with politicians and, in some countries, with the democratic system. The other has to do with social, cultural and human rights which are lagging behind, despite the strengthening of political rights. For example: Social violence and kidnappings are on the rise in many countries or still prevalent. In Brazil, for example, there are about 100 gun-related deaths a day, more than in many war zones The situation in jails is highly volatile, not least because 50% of prisoners are held in pre-trial detention Drugs traffickers hold sway over big chunks of the region, and particularly along parts of the US-Mexican border The problem of child pornography is one of the worst in the world Women's rights have not improved much - there are disappointingly few women in the region's parliaments There is little accountability over the region's law-makers and authorities. Impunity is prevalent, and Latin American countries appear high up on Transparency International's corruption lists.