Chapter 5

Early Greece First Greeks were known as Minoans Lived on island of Crete Sailed all over Aegean Sea

Minoans Life was tied to the sea Sailing, Trade, Fishing Women played major role in society Priest Wrote in Linear A format

What Happened? No one really knows why Minoan civilization Most assume conquered by Mycenean’s

Mycenaean’s Considered first Greeks Small Kingdoms Always fought with each other Copied lifestyle of Minoans

Mycenaean's Warlike Conquest for power and glory Most famous war Trojan War Ended up almost killing themselves off

Greek City-States New Society Emerges- 800 BC Government centered on the polis aka “city-state” Each polis ran independently

Life in Polis At the top was the Acropolis Worship area for the Gods At the bottom was places like the Agora Marketplace Houses Discussed Politics

Politics Each major Polis had different governments Corinth Oligarchy- ruled by few Athens Democracy- ruled by people Sparta Kings- ruled by military

Religion Mythology- stories told to explain natural phenomena or events of the distant past Greeks told myths to explain Where they came from How they should live How to cope with an uncertain world

Religion Believed in hundreds of gods and goddesses Each had a certain aspect of nature or life 12 were the most influential Page 132 of Textbook

Sparta One of the mightiest city-states in Greece Conquered territories all around Sparta Converted prisoners to “helots” aka state slaves Helots worked on farms so Spartans could train for war

What is your profession?

Sparta Loved War Had a strong army Demanded strength and toughness from birth “Instead of softening their feet with shoe or sandal, his rule was to make them hardy through going barefoot. This habit, if practiced, would, as he believed, enable them to scale heights more easily and clamber down precipices with less danger.” Xenophon, The Polity of the Spartans, c. 375 BC

Spartan Training

Sparta After training became Hoplite aka “foot soldier” for 10 years Main fighting style in army was in the Phalanx

Spartan’s Phalanx in Action

Compare/Contrast Compare and Contrast Sparta’s military to today’s United States military Training Fighting Attitude Organization

Athens World’s First Democracy Started with a lawmaker named Solon in 590 BC Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly

Athens Cleisthenes molded it into a democracy Divided Athens up into 10 tribes based on where you lived Tribe would elect representative

Athenian Democracy Only free male at the age of 20 who completed military training could vote Men that participated were expected to do Vote in all elections Serve in office if elected Serve on juries Serve in the military during war

Athenian Democracy Broken into 3 parts Assembly Made laws and important decisions Council of 500 Write the laws Courts Heard trials and sentenced criminals Archon Chief of State- head of Assembly and Council of 500

Persian Wars Greek City-States vs. Persian Empire Cause Over territory in Ionia

Result Athens and Sparta became the two most powerful and influential city-states in Greece Beginning of Golden Age Center of Greek culture and politics

Peloponnesian War Causes Athens creates Delian League Sparta creates Peloponnesian League Tension between the leagues erupted Effects Athens lost entire army Sparta became supreme power even though army weakened Macedonia conquers all of Greece

Greek Achievments Philosophy Literature Poetry History Drama Architecture Sculpture Painting

Philosophy Socrates, c B.C. Sought truths about truth, justice, and virtue Learn best by asking question Study human behavior

Philosophy Cont. Plato, c B.C. Philosophers suited to govern people Material objects in the world are only a reflection of a perfect ideal

Philosophy Cont. Aristotle, B.C. Pioneered the use of reason and logic Greatest good people could do is practice rational thought Contributed to the development of science

Philosophy Cont. These three laid the foundation for nearly all later Greek philosophy

Literature Epic- stories about great events and heroes Homer- “The Illiad” and “The Odyssey” Lyric Poetry- Poems dealing with emotions and desires History- writing that analyze the past Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon Drama- art of playwriting Comedy- plays written to expose flaws of society

The rise of Macedonia Alexander the Great Son of King Philip II of Macedonia 20 years old when he became king

Macedonia Faced revolts in Greece Responded with harsh measures Built an empire in Persia, north Africa, Central Asia Died without naming an heir Empire was divided

Hellenistic World Blended culture including Greek culture Ideas from Persia, Egypt, Central Asia, and other regions City-state no longer the main political unit Replaced by Kingdoms Women gained more rights New Schools of philosophy Advances in art, literature, science, and technology

Hellenistic Art