Phylum Porifera Sponges

Phylum Porifera (“pore bearer”)- sponges  Characteristics: Sponges are sessile (don’t move) Sponges grow in many sizes, shapes and colors Sponges can be encrusting, boring, vaselike, treelike, and can be several meters in diameter

Specific Types:  Encrusting - flat, soft, found on rocky shores and tide pools  Tubular - vase-shaped, hard, found in calm tropical waters & coral reefs  pecten sponge - soft, has a mutually symbiotic relationship with a bivalve mollusk (scallop) -sponge grows on the scallop’s shell, completely covering the shell. sponge gets a place to live and more water to filter -the scallop gets protection- something may try to bite the scallop and will just scrape off sponge and the sponge will regenerate.  boring sponge - bores holes into the shell of the gastropod (snail ) called an abalone and eats the abalone (parasitic)

Sponge Anatomy  Sponges have skeletons made of spongin (flexible), spicules (prickly), or both Sponges can be identified by the composition of the spicules (siliceous-Si spicules, calcareous-Ca spicules) Sponges have tiny pores on the outside called porocyte cells (water comes into the sponge here)

Sponge Anatomy cont…  Epithelial cells cover the outside of the sponge  A large opening (pore) is the osculum, where the water exits the sponge  Collar cells with flagella set up a current by beating whip tails, which bring water in the pore cells and out the osculum  Amoebocyte cells transport and digest nutrients, while also making spicules (act as amoebas within sponge body)

Sponge Digestion  Sponges have NO digestive system, only digestive cells  Sponges feed on detritus (bacteria, plankton, animal matter) by filter feeding  Food is trapped by the collar cells, while the amoebaocytes distribute the nutrients  Wastes are expelled through the osculum

Sponge Reproduction  Sponges can reproduce sexually and asexually Sexually- shed sperm & eggs into the water (hermaphroditic) Asexually- budding & gemmules Sponges also have amazing powers of regeneration

Sponge Symbiotic Relationships  Sponges often form symbiotic relationships (live in close association with another species) Mutualism- Commensalism- :I Parasitism- 