The Industrial Revolution (ca. 1750–1900)

The Industrial Revolution Industrialization –System of mass production of goods –Human, animal power  mechanization –Based on new sources of mineral energy

The Industrial Revolution The Historical Context in Europe –Largely rural, reliant on agriculture –Agricultural revolution  population doubled! 150 million  270 million! –Putting-out/cottage system –Had not been able to compete with Asian market

The Industrial Revolution Origins: Great Britain –Increased agricultural productivity –Raw materials –Capital –Labor force –Merchant fleet, Empire

The Industrial Revolution Textile Manufacturing –Flying shuttle (1733) Accelerated weaving process Greater demand for thread –SPINNING JENNY (1760s) Hand device Could spin up to 8 threads at same time –Water frame (1760s) –Power loom (1785) Spinning jenny

The Industrial Revolution Power looms, Boott Mills, Lowell

The Industrial Revolution Fuel and Energy –Coal –Steam Engine –Electricity

The Industrial Revolution

The Railway –First locomotive (1820s) –Iron and steel –16 mph  50 mph! –Importance Raw materials to cities Distribution to other places Transportation –London underground railway (1863) Orient Express (1888)

The Industrial Revolution London Underground, opening day 1863

The Industrial Revolution

Benz Patent Motor Car (1887)

The Industrial Revolution Questions?

The Industrial Revolution Urbanization –Growth of cities –Centers for industry –Human migration  population increase –The problems Cities hastily built, ugly Slums Disease Crime, “immorality”

The Industrial Revolution The Bourgeoisie –Middle classes –Derived wealth from capitalistic activities, other professions –Wealth  political power –Lived in comfort Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)

The Industrial Revolution The Proletariat –Working class –The good Improved wages Better standard of living –The bad Job insecurity Not able to save money Oppressive work hours Women earned less Child labor

The Industrial Revolution “It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal and a river that ran purple with ill- smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and to-morrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next.” –Charles Dickens, Hard Times, p. 17

The Industrial Revolution St. Giles (1840s)

The Industrial Revolution

Measures Taken –UNIONIZATION Organized labor Intended to improve workers’ economic status, working conditions –Government intervention –Urban renewal –Charitable organizations Pissarro, L’avenue de L’Opéra, Winter Morning (1898)

The Industrial Revolution Savar factory collapse, April 24, 2013

The Industrial Revolution Questions?

The Industrial Revolution Photography (1839) –Purpose: record optical experience –Relied on metal plates, cumbersome equipment –Film  democratization of photography in 1880s

The Industrial Revolution

Kodak Pocket Camera (1888)

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Questions?

The Industrial Revolution What were the most significant ways the West underwent change during the Industrial Revolution? What were the most significant ways the West underwent change during the Industrial Revolution? Projections as to how it laid foundations for the future? Projections as to how it laid foundations for the future?