Scientific Method Science is ultimately based on observation (perceiving objects or events using one of the five senses) Observations often lead to questions ---> which lead to experiments to answer the questions. The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions

Measuring is important for doing research. When we measure, we compare a known amount, called a standard to an unknown amount. inch foot Problem = varied from person to person

Athletes compete on courses measured in meters and kilometers. (5 K race) Sold in mg2- liter

Measurements Length Mass Volume Temperature km, cm, mm, meters Grams Liters, milliliters Celsius, Kelvin Have the same scale Celsius is based on where water freezes (0° C) and boils (100° C) Kelvin is based on absolute zero

We will be taking all measurements in centimeters (cm).

We will be taking all measurements in milliliters (mL).

Celsius – basic unit of temperature We will be taking our temperatures in Celsius (°C)

Prefixes are used to change to larger or smaller units.

Lesson 1 Scientific Inquiry

What is Science? A body of knowledge A way of knowing things Starts when you ask a question!

Scientific Method Universal approach to scientific problem Universal approach to scientific problem Starts with a problem or question – ex: DO seeds need light to germinate? Search for information on this topic Attempt to PREDICT by making a HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis Predicts the cause and effect relationship to be tested Predicts the cause and effect relationship to be tested Ex: light is not required to germinate seeds Ex: light is not required to germinate seeds

Test the hypothesis by EXPERIMENTATION which can support or fail to support a hypothesis Test the hypothesis by EXPERIMENTATION which can support or fail to support a hypothesis (If….. Then…..) Experiment = series of trials or tests Experiment = series of trials or tests Independent variable = The thing you are testing Independent variable = The thing you are testing Can be manipulated Can be manipulated Ex: light, temp, H20 Ex: light, temp, H20

Dependent variable = What you measure in response to what your changing Dependent variable = What you measure in response to what your changing Ex: growth, rate of… Ex: growth, rate of… Control = ALL other conditions must be kept the same  those not being tested = NO CHANGE Control = ALL other conditions must be kept the same  those not being tested = NO CHANGE

In class assignment Hypothesis Worksheet Hypothesis Worksheet

Lesson 2 Controlled experiment

Do Now Identifying controls/variables worksheet Identifying controls/variables worksheet Take out homework from last night Take out homework from last night

What is a controlled experiment? The control is the group in which all conditions are kept the same. The control is a “reference point” for comparison The experimental group is the test group, in which all conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested.

OBSERVATIONS - what you measure with your senses or tools: OBSERVATIONS - what you measure with your senses or tools:Ex: VOLUME with a graduated cylinder VOLUME with a graduated cylinder MASS with a balance MASS with a balance LENGTH with metric rulers LENGTH with metric rulers Record in graphs, tables etc DATA Record in graphs, tables etc DATA

ANALYZE results and draw a CONCLUSION to interpret your results and decide if they support or refuse your hypothesis. (model can be made) REPORT your results and present for peer review - Experiments are repeated and if the same results continually are the same a THEORY can be proposed. Ex: cell theory

Scientific Theory Theory is an explanation for natural events that is based on a large number of observations. Theory is an explanation for natural events that is based on a large number of observations. Cell Theory Cell Theory Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory

Scientific Law A statement that describes some aspect of a phenomenon that is ALWAYS true. A statement that describes some aspect of a phenomenon that is ALWAYS true. Law of Gravity Law of Gravity Law of Genetics Law of Genetics

In class assignment Experimental Design Handout Experimental Design Handout

Homework Finish Experimental Design Handout Finish Experimental Design Handout

Lesson 3 Graphing

Do Now Create a flow chart in your notebook containing the steps of the scientific method in order: Create a flow chart in your notebook containing the steps of the scientific method in order: Analyze data Analyze data Create a question Create a question Perform experiment Perform experiment Conclusion Conclusion Organize data in graphs or charts Organize data in graphs or charts Form a hypothesis Form a hypothesis Make observations Make observations Research Research

Types of data (information) Variables Variables what you measure in an experiment what you measure in an experiment dependent variable dependent variable measured variable measured variable unpredictable change: we don’t know how it will change until we do the experiment unpredictable change: we don’t know how it will change until we do the experiment Y-axis Y-axis independent variable independent variable manipulated variable manipulated variable predictable change: it only changes because we chose how it would change predictable change: it only changes because we chose how it would change X-axis X-axis The effect of _____________ on _____________ INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

Examples of experiments 1 How does fertilizer affect the growth rate of plants? How does fertilizer affect the growth rate of plants? we set up an experiment testing different amounts of fertilizer on different plants & measuring the growth (height) of the plants: we set up an experiment testing different amounts of fertilizer on different plants & measuring the growth (height) of the plants: dependent variable (Y-axis)? dependent variable (Y-axis)? height of plants height of plants independent variable (X-axis)? independent variable (X-axis)? amount of fertilizer amount of fertilizer The effect of _____________ on _____________ Amount of Fertilizer Height of Plants

Examples of experiments 2 How does exercise affect heart rate of 10th grade student? How does exercise affect heart rate of 10th grade student? we set up an experiment testing different lengths of time of exercise (minutes) on the heart rate of students: we set up an experiment testing different lengths of time of exercise (minutes) on the heart rate of students: dependent variable (Y-axis)? dependent variable (Y-axis)? heart rate heart rate independent variable (X-axis)? independent variable (X-axis)? minutes of exercise minutes of exercise The effect of _____________ on _____________ Exercise Heart Rate

Examples of experiments 3 What’s the favorite drink of students? What’s the favorite drink of students? we set up an experiment surveying students and asking which is their favorite drink : we set up an experiment surveying students and asking which is their favorite drink : dependent variable (Y-axis)? dependent variable (Y-axis)? number of students number of students independent variable (X-axis)? independent variable (X-axis)? type of drink type of drink The effect of _____________ on _____________ Type of Drink How many students chose it

Making pictures out of data Graphs Graphs line graphs line graphs graphing data that shows continuous change graphing data that shows continuous change bar graphs (or histograms) bar graphs (or histograms) graphing data that is in disconnected groups graphing data that is in disconnected groups How’s a critter to choose?

How does elevation affect temperature? elevation temperature elevation (feet above sea level) temp. (°C) ft? 1818 Line graph! 1200

Which drink do you like best? type of drink number of students CokePepsiwaterteaGatorade 0 drinknumber Coke1 Pepsi1 Water4 Iced tea4 Gatorade3 Red Bull? RB Bar graph!

In class assignment Graphing Activities Packet Graphing Activities Packet

Homework Complete Graphing Activities Packet Complete Graphing Activities Packet

Lesson 4 Microscopes

Do Now Introduction to Graphs Packet Introduction to Graphs Packet

Label the parts of the microscope using the following words: Label the parts of the microscope using the following words: Nosepiece, body tube, arm, objective lens, stage, eyepiece, base, course adjustment, fine adjustment, diaphragm, light source Nosepiece, body tube, arm, objective lens, stage, eyepiece, base, course adjustment, fine adjustment, diaphragm, light source

Microscope Care Always carry with 2 hands Always carry with 2 hands Only use lens paper for cleaning Only use lens paper for cleaning Do NOT force knobs Do NOT force knobs Always store covered Always store covered Keep objects clear of desk and cords Keep objects clear of desk and cords

Microscope Parts Base – supports the microscope Base – supports the microscope Light Source - gives light to the microscope Light Source - gives light to the microscope Diaphragm – adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen Diaphragm – adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen Stage – flat platform where the slide is placed Stage – flat platform where the slide is placed Fine Adjustment – used for focusing and increasing the detail on the specimen Fine Adjustment – used for focusing and increasing the detail on the specimen

Microscope Parts Course Adjustment – brings the specimen into focus, NEVER USE ON HIGH POWER Course Adjustment – brings the specimen into focus, NEVER USE ON HIGH POWER High Power Objective – magnifies the specimen 40x High Power Objective – magnifies the specimen 40x Low Power Objective – magnifies the specimen 4x Low Power Objective – magnifies the specimen 4x Nosepiece – houses the objective lenses Nosepiece – houses the objective lenses Arm – connects the body tube to the base Arm – connects the body tube to the base

Microscope Parts Body Tube – connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses Body Tube – connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses Eyepiece – The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen, 10x power. Eyepiece – The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen, 10x power. Stage Clips – holds slide in place Stage Clips – holds slide in place ** Total Magnification – the eyepiece x the objective lens used. ** ** Total Magnification – the eyepiece x the objective lens used. **

Using the Microscope Place slide on stage of microscope Place slide on stage of microscope Use stage clips to secure slide Use stage clips to secure slide Click nosepiece to lowest setting Click nosepiece to lowest setting Look into eyepiece Look into eyepiece Use low power objective and Coarse Adjustment to find the specimen Use low power objective and Coarse Adjustment to find the specimen Use high power objective and fine adjustment to focus the specimen Use high power objective and fine adjustment to focus the specimen

Lesson 7 Review