 Colonial To Present Day

 Colonial Influencers  The Colonial Nine: The Establishment of U.S. Higher Education  The Colonial Nine: The Establishment of U.S. Higher Education (cont.)  Firsts in American Higher Education  Firsts in American Higher Education (cont.)  Landmark Events in Higher Education  Landmark Events in Higher Education (cont.)  The Transition in Higher Education and Government Aid  The Transition in Higher Education and Government Aid (cont.)  New Policies and Amendments in Higher Education  New Policies and Amendments in Higher Education (cont.)  The Cost of Higher Education: Tuition Increases  Copyrights and Technology: The New Age  The Future of Higher Education Enrollment  References 2

Colonial Influencers The first college and universities in the United States were modeled after the great universities of England, Oxford and Cambridge.  1167 – Oxford University was founded and is noted as the oldest university in the English speaking world.  1209 – Cambridge University was founded. 3

The Colonial Nine: The Establishment of U.S. Higher Education The original nine colleges and universities in the United States were referred to as the Colonial Nine, all of which were established prior to the American Revolution. Of the Colonial nine, 7 of the schools are members of the “Ivy League”. Founding dates for the Colonial nine:  1636 – Harvard College (now Harvard University) was founded. Named for minister, John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the United States 4

The Colonial Nine: The Establishment of U.S. Higher Education  1693 – The College of William and Mary  1701 – Yale College (now Yale University)  1746 – College of New Jersey (now Princeton University)  1751 – Philadelphia Academy (now University of Pennsylvania)  1754 – King’s College (now Columbia University)  1764 – Rhode Island College (now Brown University)  1766 – Queen’s College (now Rutgers University)  1769 – Dartmouth College 5

Firsts in American Higher Education  1785 – The University of Georgia was chartered in 1785 and was the first state supported or “public” university in the United States.  1819 – The University of Virginia was founded by Thomas Jefferson and opened for coursework in UVA was the first to educate students in “practical affairs” and “public service” rather than just to be educators or ministers.  1824 – The Rensselear School (now Rensselear Polytechnic Institute) was founded. It is noted as the first school of science and engineering in the United States. 6

Firsts in American Higher Education  1833 – Oberlin College was founded in 1883 and holds the distinction of being the first co-educational college in the United States.  1836 – Chartered as the Georgia Female College, now Wesleyan College, it is the first and oldest college for women in the world.  1837 – Founded in 1837 as the Institute for Colored Youth, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is the oldest of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the United States. 7

Important Legislation and Developments in Higher Education  1819 – Dartmouth v. Woodward was a landmark Supreme Court case that served to create and protect the private college sector of American higher education.  1862 – The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 was championed by Justin Morrill of Vermont and is considered the legislation that gave birth to the creation of land- grant colleges.  1867 – The Department of Education (USDE) was established in With the passing of the 2 nd Morrill Act of 1890, the USDE assumed the responsibility for supporting creation of land grant colleges and universities.  1890 – The Second Morrill Act of 1890 was revised to apply proceeds from the sale of public lands to support the development of colleges specifically designed to provide education in the agricultural and mechanical arts. 8

Important Legislation and Developments in Higher Education  1900 – In 1900 fourteen postsecondary institutions joined ranks to form the Association of American Universities. The primary objective of this organization is to focus on issues of importance to research oriented universities.  1944 – The GI Bill was signed into law by FDR guaranteeing military personnel access to postsecondary education through government sponsored financial backing. 9

The Transition in Higher Education and Aid  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Supreme Court ruled that all racial segregation in public education was outlawed.  The National Defense Student Loans (NDSL), now known as the Federal Perkins Loan Program was established.  1960s-Following the GI Bill of 1944, the Civil Rights movement was underway. The federal government expanded aid support to students, including grant and loan programs for low-and middle class income students. The federal government is the primary source of student financial aid to date. 10

The Transition in Higher Education and Aid  The Civil Rights Act brought about “Affirmative Action,” a program that would end all forms of racial discrimination in the hiring of staff, admission of students, granting of financial aid, and allocation of dormitory space.  The Higher Education Act (HEA) passed by President Lyndon B. Johnson governs the administration of federal student aid. The Act was developed to encourage growth and change. The Federal Family Loan Program (FFELP) was also established in  The Sputnik Crises caused academic funding to increase for research and that came from the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautical and Space Administration, and the National Institutes of Health. Sputnik influenced Washington to support Higher Education in two ways, first through the National Defense Education Act and later though more federal aid for students. 11

Policy  Board of Higher Education abandoned the policy of granting admission solely on the basis of academic excellence and instead the policy was replaced with granting entrance to all high school students on any scholastic standing. In 1971 the Ford Foundation granted $100 million to improve the opportunities for minorities to receive a higher education. Amendment  Amendments to the Higher Education Act were made: o A formalized commitment to provide aid to students on the basis of financial need o The Pell Grant was established o Students became consumers o The amendment gave the government more control over higher education o Title IX was developed, it means legal enforcement could be taken on institutions by the federal government 12

Amendment  Title 9 of the Education Amendments Bill, prohibited institutions to have gender bias if an education program or activity was receiving federal financial assistance. All colleges and universities receiving aid after 1975 had to comply with the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and had to maintain equal opportunities for both men and women. Policy  The Bayh-Dole Act was established. This act allows faculty and administrators to better protect their research. Any college or university performing federal research and development could patent and own their finding. Institutions are also able to make equity deals on their research findings. 13

 1990s - Tuition increases in both the private and public institutions by doubling since Loans become more frequent and needed.  The William D. Ford Direct Loan Program (FDLP) was established.  The Taxpayer Relief Act was implemented to help wealth families that are able to invest money in their child’s education. The act included Hope scholarships, penalty-free individual retirement account (IRA) withdrawals for college expenses, tax-sheltered college’s savings accounts, and a tax credit for lifelong learning.  Tuition increases again, the average tuition at a U.S. four year public institutions increase almost 128 percent since 1980 and private four- year institutions have increased over 130 percent. Loans represent 58 percent of financial aid while grants represent 41 percent. 14

Distance Learning  Distance learning were expanding but copyright laws were to be followed. The 1996 Telecommunications Act favored the growth of the internet. The Digital Millennium Act (DMCA) of 1998 protects digital property. Citizens and students alike are penalized if these acts are violated.  The Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act was passed. This act changed provisions from DMCA and allows educators more freedom and students can be reached in different locations. TEACH also allows students to keep materials for a short period of time.  America COMPETES Act provides funding to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields to help the U.S. compete globally. 15

Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA)  Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) was enacted to make change to the existing programs of the 1965 Act as well as implement new ones. Some of the new programs are: Promoting Postbaccalaureate Opportunities for Hispanic Americans, Master’s Degree Programs at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Master’s Degree Programs at Predominantly Black Institutions.  2017 Projections- According to the projections of education statistics to 2017, enrollment in degree granting institutions increased 23 percent from 1992 to 2006 and is projected to increase 13 percent by

References:  Brubacher, J.S., & Rudy, W. (2007). Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (4th ed.) New Brunswick, NJ. Transaction Publishers.  Cambridge University (2012). A Brief History of the University. Cambridge University. Retrieved from:  Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (2012). About CU. Cheyney University. Retrieved from:  Oberlin College (2012). About Oberlin. Oberlin College. Retrieved from:  Oxford University (2012). A Brief History of the University. Oxford University. Retrieved from: ex.html ex.html  Rensselear Polytechnic Institute (2012). RPI History. RPI. Retrieved from:  Thelin, J. R. (2004). A History of American Higher Education. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.  U.S. Department of Education (2012). The Federal Role in Education. USDE. Retrieved from:  The University of Georgia (2012). History of UGA. The University of Georgia. Retrieved from:

References:  The University of Virginia (2012). Founding of the University. UVA. Retrieved from:  Wesleyan College (2012). History of the College. Wesleyan College. Retrieved April 29, 2012 from  The Center for American Progress. (2005). Paying for Postsecondary Education: An issue Brief on College Costs and Financial Aid. Retrieved from:  AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION. (2004). An Overview of Higher Education in the United States. Retrieved from:  TG. Higher Education Act. Retrieved from:  The Center for American Progress. (2005). Paying for Postsecondary Education: An issue Brief on College Costs and Financial Aid. Retrieved from:  Altbah, P.G., Gumport, P.J., & Berdahl, R.O. (2011). American Higher Education in the Twenty- First Century: Social, Political, and Economic Challenges (3rd ed.) Baltimore, MD.  The Center for American Progress. (2005). Paying for Postsecondary Education: An issue Brief on College Costs and Financial Aid. Retrieved from:  U.S. Department of Education (2010). Higher Education Opportunity Act USDE. Retrieved from: 18