Social Studies STAAR Test Review

Government and the Constitution

1. Articles of Confederation First U.S. Constitution. Weak National government.

3. Northwest Ordinance Set up an orderly system to bring in new states, specifically Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin.

2. Philadelphia Convention of 1787 Called to revise the Articles of Confederation New Constitution was written. Blueprint for Am erican Government

4. Development of Political Parties Anti-FederalistsFederalists Important LeadersThomas Jefferson George Mason James Madison John Adams Alexander Hamilton ISSUES GovernmentWeak National Government Strong National Government ConstitutionStrict InterpretationLoose Interpretation EconomyBased on agricultureBased on industry DemocracyFear of rule by one or a few Fear of mob rule Foreign AffairsCloser ties with FranceCloser ties with England

5. Federalism and Anti-Federalism Anti-FederalistFederalist Too much government powerCreates Checks and balances to prevent Tyranny Took too much power from the statesTyranny of Majority not possible because of U.S. diversity Tyranny of the MajoritySupported Bill of Rights to be added after ratification Legislative should be more powerful than the executive Federalist Papers were written to support a new constitution Needed a Bill of Rights to protect individuals

6. Federalist For the Constitution

7. Federalist Papers Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to gain support for the Constitution.

8. Anti-Federalist Against the Constitution Feared a loss of rights

Creating A New Government: Major Principles of the Constitution

10. Popular Sovereignty Means the government was created by the people in order to govern themselves Power of the People

11. Republicanism Government in which the desires of people are represented in government by elected representatives People ElectRepresentatives

12. Federalism Power of the government is shared between the states and national government

13. Separation of Powers Split the powers of government into three branches: Legislative Executive Judicial L Make Laws E Carries out Laws J Court System

14. Checks and Balances Each branch makes sure the others are working the way they are supposed to EXAMPLES:

15. Limited Government Placed strict limits on government to protect the people

16. Individual Rights The first 10 amendments of the Constitution protect individual rights against the power of the government Known as the “Bill of Rights”

17. Bill of Rights 1 st Amendment-Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, and Assembly 2 nd Amendment-Right to bear arms 3 rd Amendment-protection from quartering troops 4 th Amendment-protection from unreasonable search and seizure 5 th Amendment-grand jury, protection from self incrimination

18. Bill of Rights 6 th Amendment-Right to jury for criminal trial, Right to a speedy trial 7 th Amendment-Right to jury in civil cases 8 th Amendment-No cruel and unusual punishment 9 th Amendment-Protection of rights not stated in the Constitution 10 th Amendment-Powers not listed go to the states and the people

First Four Presidents

19. George Washington 1 st president (unamisouly chosen); encouraged no political parties and wanted American isolationism from foreign affairs

20. John Adams 2 nd president; dealt with the XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts

3 rd president, Marbury v. Madison(Judicial Review), Louisiana Purchase (1803) purchased from France for $15 million, doubled the size of the United States, Embargo Act of 1807 which restricted trade with any country 21. Thomas Jefferson

22. James Madison 4 th president, War of 1812-U.S. gains worldwide respect and helped spark Industrial Revolution, Henry Clay’s American system

PresidentsMajor Events George WashingtonFarewell Address- preached isolationism and no political parties John AdamsXYZ Affair- a political scandal Alien and Sedition Acts- harsh immigration policies Thomas JeffersonMarbury v. Madison – Judicial Review and constitutionality Louisiana Purchase of doubled the size of U.S. Embargo Act of limited international trade James MadisonWar of a spark for Industrial Revolution and international respect Henry Clay’s American system- an American Economic Plan(tarriffs, national bank, and internal improvements) The Four Presidents

23. War of 1812 CausesEffects England prevented trade with other countries Foreign Affairs-proved it could protect itself England impressed (kidnapped) sailors and forced them into the British Navy Economy-America became more independent of foreign trade; created their own goods, sparked the Industrial Revolution England encouraged Native Americans to attack settlers Nationalism-helped Americans feel more Patriotic about their

Early Nation

75. Great Compromise Set up Congress into 2 houses House of Representatives: Based on state’s population Senate- Two for each state

76. Three-Fifths Compromise Settled how slaves would be counted for taxation and representation purposes.

77. Branches of Government Executive- President: Carries out the laws. Legislative- Congress: Makes laws. Judicial- Courts: Interprets the laws.

78. Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to the Constitution Protects Unalienable rights

79. Amendment Process Addition or change to the Constitution. 2/3 approval vote in both houses of Congress. ¾ approval of states.

80. Federalist Party Alexander Hamilton Believed in a strong national government

81. Democratic-Republican Party Thomas Jefferson Weak national government

82. Bank of the United States Bank chartered by the National government to provide bank notes to be used as money and to regulate state banks.

83. Washington’s Farewell Address Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements, regional differences, and having a debt.

Year Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. Doubled the size of the U.S.

85. Marbury v Madison John Marshall- Supreme Court case which established Judicial Review. Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

86. James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

87. War of 1812 War with Britain over impressment, interference with American trade, and military aid to Indians.

88. James Monroe His doctrine stated European countries were to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

89. Missouri Compromise Missouri- slave state. Maine free state. First sectional issue between the North and South.

90. Sectionalism When one part of the country looks out for its own interests.

Industrial Revolution

91. Industrial Revolution Production of goods and products in factories by machines. Led to more goods being produced at lower prices.

92. Urbanization Major movement of people from rural (Countryside) to cities (urban).

93. Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney. Parts are made exactly the same to make it easier to replace defective parts.

94. Agricultural Inventions Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney- Created a demand for slaves. Steel Plow- John Deere- Increased agricultural production. Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick- Increased grain production.

95. Transportation Steamboat- Robert Fulton. Decreased travel time on water. Canals- Man made waterways found mainly in the Northeast. Connected cities by water. Railroads- Fastest form of transportation on land. Led to growth of cities and westward expansion.

96. Commerce McCulloch v. Maryland- Supreme Court case which stated Congress had the power to carry out its power stated in the Constitution. Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court case which stated Congress could regulate interstate commerce. Maryland, you can’t tax the Bank of the U.S.

97. Improvement in Communication Telegraph- Samuel Morse Allowed people to communicate over long distances.