Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity

Classification

Classification: The grouping of objects or information based on similarities. Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their different characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist famous for his work in Taxonomy. “Father of Taxonomy”

Why taxonomy? By grouping living things into defined hierarchies and giving them individual names we create order which allows us more easily to study the seemingly chaotic world of nature.

Hierarchical system involving successive levels. Each group at any level is called a taxon Highest level = Domain. All life belongs to one of 3 domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) Taxonomy

Taxonomic rankings Organisms are ranked in taxa that range from broad characteristics to very specific ones. Broader taxa have more general characteristics and more species in it. K-P-C-O-F-G-S Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk

Binomial nomenclature Developed by Linnaeus Identify organism’s by their genus and species (specific epithet). – Genus: a group of similar species – Specific epithet: second word, sometimes descriptive. This is a species’ scientific name. – i.e. Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Why scientific names? Found in the US, England, Spain, Holland and Sweden Name is italics or each word underlined. First word capitalized. Second lower case such as Canis lupus

Determining Species can be difficult Separate species, sub species? Problem Solving Lab 17.1 page 447. Is the red wolf a separate species? – Are coyotes, red wolves and grey wolves the same species? – Three different species? – Hybrid?

KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. – evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data – shown with branching tree diagrams

Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. –classification based on common ancestry –species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. –A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. –Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. –Each species in a clade has traits that have changed. Procynosuchus

–A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

Bell Work

Derived character is a trait present in a clade but absent in the last common ancestor of the group.

Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node.

Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

Creating a cladogram

Bell Work: EOI question

Chapter 17 Section 2 Six Kingdoms

The Six Kingdoms Sometimes you hear there are only five kingdoms and Bacteria and Archaebacteria are grouped together into one Kingdom (Prokaryotes or Monera)

The Six Kingdoms The main factors that determine which kingdom and organism is classified in are: 1.Cellular structure 2.Means of obtaining energy

Kingdoms 1 &2: Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus bound by a membrane

1. Archaebacteria Structure: unicellular; lack membrane bound nucleus Energy: – Heterotrophy – Autotrophy Some chemosynthetic Others photosynthetic Live in extreme environments Domain Arachaea Vocab: Heterotroph Autotroph Chemosynthetic LINK

2. Eubacteria Structure: unicellular, lack membrane-bound nucleus Energy: – Heterotrophy – Autotrophy Some chemosynthetic Others photosynthetic Found everywhere but in extreme environments Domain Bacteria

3. Fungi Structure: – Some unicellular (yeast) – Some multicellular Energy: – Heterotrophy Absorb nutrients from organic materials in the environment Domain: Eukarya

Defining Characteristic: Absorbing nutrients from dead/decaying materials in the environment Product diffuses back into hypha and is used Nucleus hangs back and “directs”

4. Plants Structure: – Multicellular – Cells contain a cell wall – Complex organisms, contain organ systems Energy: – Autotrophy Photosynthetic Domain Eukarya

5. Animals Structure: – Multicellular – Complex organisms, contain organ systems Energy: – Heterotrophy Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores Domain Eukarya Vocab: Herbivore Carnivore omnivore

6. Protists Structure: – Some unicellular; some multicellular – Lack complex organ system Energy: – Autotrophy (obtain energy like plants) – Heterotrophy (obtain energy like animals) LINK

What am I? The Dendroaspis polylepis is the largest of its kind, can grow to 14 feet, and is considered to be very poisonous. It is a skillful hunter, using its venom and strong muscles to kill its prey Characteristics: Kingdom: Black mamba

What am I? The phyllostachys nigra can grow to 35 feet and is found in tropical regions of the world. Despite its inability to move from place to place, it has well- designed organ systems to create its own nutrients and to transport those nutrients. Characteristics: Kingdom: Black bamboo

What am I? The Paramecium caudatum is a unicellular organism that has a membrane-bound nucleus. It has special hair-like projections called cilia that it uses for locomotion and to capture food. Characteristics: Kingdom:

What am I? The Streptococcus pyogenes is a single cell organisms that lacks a true nucleus. It is commonly found throughout the world and is a major cause of human sickness. Characteristics: Kingdom:

What am I? The Undaria pinnatifida is an edible plantlike organism found in the sea. It is photosynthetic, but lacks the organ systems to transport the nutrients it synthesizes Characteristics: Kingdom:

What am I? The Haloarcula hispanica is found in the hypersaline waters of southeastern Australia. Characteristics: Kingdom: Extremophiles at Yellowstone hotsprings

What am I? The Amanita muscaria is a poisonous multicellular organism. Despite its inability to move from place to place, it is able to steal nutrients from dead and decaying organisms in its environment Characteristics: Kingdom: California fungi