AP European History Chapter 22 The Revolution in Energy & Industry

The Industrial Revolution in Britain 18 th Century Origins First → the expanding Atlantic economy Second → productivity of British farms Third → central bank / credit markets Fourth → large working class

The First Factories After 1760 – “putting-out” system shows limitations 1765 –James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny –Richard Arkwright – Water Frame These inventions produce explosion in cotton textile industry

Power LoomSpinning Mule

Cotton goods become cheaper & affordable Work now being done in factories –Brutal conditions – heavy reliance on women & children –New cotton mills mark the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain

Early forms of Energy –Wood / Water / Man-power Steam Engine Breakthrough –Coal is abundant / but not efficient –James Watt’s steam engine changes this –Steam engine provides an unlimited power source Drained mines textile & other mills Iron industry

The Railroads 1830 → British introduced first railroad w/ steam powered locomotive Building railroads expanded demand for labor –More farm workers become urban laborers Increased travel possibilities changed society

Industry & Population 1851 – Crystal Palace – London –2/3 of world’s coal –½ of world’s iron & cotton cloth –20% of entire world’s output of industrial goods

As production of manufactured goods rose – so to did population 1780 – 1851 → GNP rises fourfold 1780 – 1851 → population goes from 9 million to 21 million Thomas Malthus –Essay on the Principle of Population David Ricardo –Iron Law of Wages

Relations Between Capital & Labor 1800s becomes “Golden Age” of the Middle-Class Class-Consciousness – emergence of conflicting classes & identity

The New Class of Factory Owners Early Factory Owners –Highly competitive –Tremendous opportunity to rise socially Skilled Ethnic / religious background New Factory Owners –Opportunities decline –More financially secure –Greater separation from their workers Transformation of Women

The New Factory Workers Early Criticisms (British) –luddites Did Working people suffer a great decline during the Industrial Revolution?Did Working people suffer a great decline during the Industrial Revolution? 1780 – 1850 –Wages increase, but work longer –Costly wars w/ France

Conditions of Work “Cottage work” v. “Factory work” –More disciplined –Less freedom –Longer hours Family Employment –See increase in child labor Factory Act of 1833 –Limits child