Personality Theory: The Big Five Traits: uConscientiousness u Careful, persevering. uAgreeableness u Likable, care about others. uNeuroticism (vs. Emotional Stability) u Neurotics are often nervous, critical of others, and feel angry with others and themselves. uOpenness to Experience u Flexible, with broad interests. uExtraversion (vs. Introversion) u Sociable, friendly.

The Big Five & Performance l Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability »Strongest personality predictors of performance l Extroversion »Linked to sales and mgt performance l Agreeableness »Better performance in jobs requiring cooperation and helpfulness l Openness to experience »Linked to higher creativity and adaptability to change

States’ Personalities Extraversion l Number 1 (Best) = North Dakota l Number 51 (Worst) = Maryland l Florida = 10 Openness to Experience l Number 1 (Best) = Washington D.C. l Number 51 (Worst) = North Dakota l Maryland = 10 l Florida = 13

States’ Personalities Conscientiousness l Number 1 (Best) = New Mexico l Number 51 (Worst) = Alaska l Maryland = 35 l Florida = 8 Agreeableness l Number 1 (Best) = North Dakota l Number 51 (Worst) = Alaska l Maryland = 38 l Florida = 14

States’ Personalities Neuroticism (Anxiety & Stress) l Number 51 (Best) = Utah l Number 1 (Worst) = West Virginia l Maryland = 17 l Florida = 36

Locus of Control l People who believe that they are in control of their own lives are said to have an Internal locus of control. l People who think that forces beyond their control dictate what happens to them are said to have an External locus of control.

Self-Concept Components » Self-esteem: Degree to which people feel good about themselves and their abilities. » Self-efficacy: A person’s belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task.

Values vs. Attitudes Values vs. Attitudes l Values (Basic Convictions – What is right, good, desirable) »General - Contain many attitudes »e.g., Conservative, Liberal, etc. l Attitudes (Beliefs, Assumptions) »Evaluative judgments focused on specific objects, concepts »e.g., Attitude toward welfare, health care reform, etc.

Hofstede’s Dimensions of National Culture (Cultural Values) l Power Distance l Uncertainty Avoidance l Individualism/Collectivism l Masculinity/Femininity l Time Orientation (Short vs. Long)

HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance lowhigh lowhigh Frequent interaction of people from different backgrounds; more democratic Limited interaction between low-status and high-status individuals; obedience to power Greater ease in unstructured, unpredictable situations Avoidance of unstructured, unpredictable situations IndividualismCollectivism Primary concern for self; expected to take care of self Primary concern for interests of the group Valuing achievement; Emphasis on assertiveness, competitiveness, material success Valuing relationships; Emphasis on security, feelings MasculinityFemininity

Time Orientation l Short-Term Orientation means that people expect fairly rapid feedback from decisions, expect quick profits, frequent job evaluations and promotions, etc.

Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture USJapFraChilChin WAfr Mex Ger USJapFraChilChin WAfr Mex Ger PD UA I/C M/F TO

Ethical Problems Survey % of 4000 employees who observed various ethical problems in the past year: Lying to Supervisors - 56 Falsifying reports/records - 41 Theft - 35 Sexual Harassment - 35 Drug or alcohol abuse - 31 Conflict of Interest - 31

Criteria for Ethical Decision Making Consequentialism Utilitarian Approach Deontology (Duties, Obligations, Principles) Individual (Moral) Rights Approach Justice Approach (fairness, legality) Individualism Approach Individualism Approach “Do unto others……..” Virtue Ethics (Integrity) Acting as society expects one with good character would. One achieves a happy life by being honest courageous, etc.

Facilitating Ethical Behavior Training/Communication Codes of Ethics Principle-basedPolicy-based Ethical Structures Hot Lines Ethics Committees Leading by Example Reward Good Behavior; Punish Bad

Guidelines for Ethical Dilemmas l Is it legal? l Is it right? l Is it beneficial? To whom? How much? l Is it harmful? To whom? How much? l Have you consulted others who are objective and knowledgeable? l Would you be willing to allow everyone to do what you are considering? l Would you like your family to know? l Would you like your decision printed in the newspaper?