qadi = judge shari‘a = Islamic law al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria Abu Hanifa (d. 767) - active in Iraq Malik ibn Anas (d. 795) - active in Medina, wrote al-Muwatta’ (book of legal rulings) Reign of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab Late 8th-early 9th c. Formalisation of shari‘a

hadith = tales of sayings and actions of Muhammad and companions Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (d. Egypt 820) isnad = chain of transmitters ‘ilm al-rijal = “knowledge of men” = science of studying individuals named in isnads Late 8th-early 9th c. Increasing importance placed on hadith from Muhammad

Al-Shafi‘i’s Sources of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) 1. The Qur’an 2. The hadith 3. Qiyas (analogy) 4. Ijma‘ (consensus - effectively of the ‘ulama’ [legal scholars] as expressed in fatwas [recorded decisions])

1. Hanafis - in Iraq, following Abu Hanifa 2. Awza‘is - in Syria, following al-Awza‘i 3. Malikis - in Arabia and elsewhere, following Malik ibn Anas 4. Shafi‘is - in Egypt, following al-Shafi‘i 5. Hanbalis - following Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855) 6. Zahiris - following Da’ud al-Zahiri (d. 883) Schools of Law (madhhabs)

mufti = jurisconsult Pillars of Islam:1. Shahada (testimony) 2. Salat (ritual prayer) 3. Zakat (almsgiving) 4. Sawm (fasting) 5. Hajj (greater pilgrimage)

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya Hanbali theologian and mufti Family left Harran to avoid Mongol threat in 1269; thereafter brought up in Damascus 1284 Succeeded father as head of a madrasa (religious college) Ibn Taymiyya ( )

1293 onwards involved in number of political and theological disputes; repeatedly accused of anthropomorphism. Imprisoned several times Also worked in various places as administrator and teacher. Employed by Mamluk sultans (rulers of Egypt and Syria) as jihad propagandist. Wrote many works, esp. fatwas on many legal topics Ibn Taymiyya ( )