The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

I.The Emergence & Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300 A.Kings Theory Practice Expansion of royal power in the High Middle Ages

II.England in the High Middle Ages A.William of Normandy (1066 – 1087) Battle of Hastings (1066) Fusion of Normans and Anglo-Saxons Involvement in France End of Subinfeudation Doomsday Book

B.Henry II (1154 – 1189) Plantagenet dynasty Royal courts Common law The church Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)

C.King John (1199 – 1216) Loses in France Character flaws High taxation Magna Carta

D.Edward I (1272 – 1307) Scotland Model Parliament Effects of Parliament

II.The Growth of the French Kingdom A.The Capetian Dynasty Little real power Royal domain limited to the Île de France

B.Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223) War against the English French bureaucracy

C.Louis IX (1226 – 1270) “Saint Louis” Justice Participates in Crusades

D.Philip IV the Fair (1285 – 1314) Royal administration Council for advice Chamber of Accounts (finances) Parlement (royal court) Estates-General (French parliament)

Map 10.1: England and France in the High Middle Ages

III.Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms A.Cordova B.Reconquista (1000 – 1492) Castile Navarre Aragón Portugal Repartimiento Fueros C.Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)

Map 10.2: Christian Reconquests in the Western Mediterranean

IV.The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy A.Salian Kings B.German Nobility C.Involvement in Italy The Norman kingdom in southern Italy Northern kingdoms rich.

D.Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190) Attempts to conquer northern Italy Pope and Italian cities oppose him Battle of Legnano (1176)

E.Frederick II (1212 – 1250) King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor Preoccupied with Italy Germany left in confusion and chaos Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273) Emergence of Italian city states

Map 10.3: The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the Twelfth Century

V.New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe A.Scandinavia B.Hungary C.Poland Germans and Slavs Teutonic Knights

Teutonic Knight Castle at Marienburg

VI.Medieval Mongols & Russians A.The Mongol Empire 1.Temuchin – Genghis Khan (c – 1227) 2.Khubilai Khan 3.Advances against the Muslim world 4.Advances against Europe

B.The Development of Russia 1.Kiev – Rus Boyars 2.The church 3.Mongol invasion 4.Alexander Nevsky (c – 1263)

Map 10.4: Northern and Eastern Europe

VII.The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church A.The Problems of Decline Worldly bishops and abbots Monastic decline

B.The Cluniac Reform Movement 1.Cluny founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910) 2.Reform movement spreads

C.Reform of the Papacy 1.Simony 2.Nicholaism 3.Gregory the Great 4.Innocent III -Excommunication of King John - Interdict on England

IX.New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals A.The Cistercian Order Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153) Anti-Cluny

C. The Franciscans: Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226) 1.Born in a wealthy family 2.life of poverty 3.Pope Innocent III 4.Robert Grosseteste Poor Clares the stigmata.

D.The Dominicans 1.Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221) 2.Very well educated 3.Albertus Magnus 4.Thomas Aquinas

X.Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages Sacraments Saints The Virgin Mary Relics Indulgences Pilgrimages The reliquary containing the blood of St. Januarius

Map 10.6: Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages

XI.Voices of Protest and Intolerance A.Heresy 1.Catharism Dualist System Catholic Church was evil according to their views 2.Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209) 3.The Holy Office (Papal Inquisition)

B.Persecution of the Jews 1.Money lending 2.The Crusades 3.Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 4.Expulsion 1.Edward I (Eng) Philip IV (Fr) Poland (welcomed them)

C.Intolerance and Homosexuality 1.Associated with other minority groups 2.Thomas Aquinas and the “sin against nature” 3.Punishment

Islam Islam – “submitting to God.” – a Muslim is ‘one who submits to and finds peace in God.’ Key teaching of Islam = found in the Shahadah: There is no God but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God.

Islam begins in Arabia: Around the time of the birth of Muhammad, Arabia had a trade-based economy. The main form of religious practice was: Idolatry ---- a polytheistic belief system in which objects, usually in the form of paintings or sculptures, are worshipped. The idols are representations of different divine aspects. The Ka’bah – a cube-shaped building in Makkah was full of idols at the time of Muhammad’s birth.

Muhammad ( CE) Born in Makkah – raised by his uncle after the death of his parents --- His tribe = Quraysh From a young age he demonstrated a preference for monotheism and a disdain for idolatry. Married Khadijah at the age of managed his wife’s considerable business affairs. Ramadan, 610 CE --- while meditating on Mount Hira --- Muhammad received a revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel. Read in the name of your Lord who created, Created man out of an embryo; Read, for your Lord is most beneficent, Who taught by the pen, Taught man what he did not know.

The revelation was the first of many that Muhammad received over a 23 year period. Muhammad was profoundly changed by the revelation experience. He began preaching around Makkah. His main message:  One God = Allah  Therefore people should reject idolatry The Makkans rejected Muhammad’s teaching and he left for Madinah in 622 CE. This event is called the hijrah = migration. Before Muhammad left for Madinah, he underwent a profound spiritual experience.

Within a short period of time, Muhammad was able to use the message of Islam to bring peace to Madinah. Meanwhile, to the south, the Makkans grew concerned about the growing appeal of Islam. Three military encounters followed: The Battle of Badr, Uhud and the Trench. Soon Muhammad’s teachings were taken into consideration by both the people of Madinah and the people of Makkah. The number of Muslim conversions steadily grew, many in Madinah and some in Makkah. Eventually, after two smaller pilgrimages, Muhammad led a group of into Makkah in 629. Few opposed Muhammad’s return or his removal of idols from the Ka’bah.

In 632, Muhammad, accompanied by Muslims, made what has come to be known as ‘The Final Pilgrimage.’ The Prophet traveled south from Madinah to Makkah, stopping at Mount Arafat to deliver his ‘Farewell Sermon.’ In the sermon, Muhammad offered forgiveness to those who had done wrong in the past, while summarizing the core elements of Islamic teaching. After the pilgrimage, Muhammad returned to Madinah where he came down with a fever. While he continued to lead prayers in the mosque for a short time, it soon became apparent that he was seriously ill and, a few weeks later in June of 632, he died at the age of 63.

The Early Crusades 1.Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099) Council of Clermont (1095) 2.Goals Popes Knights Merchants 3.First Crusade (1096 – 1099) – Success! Captures Antioch (1098) Captures Jerusalem (1099)

Map 10.7: The Early Crusades

E.Muslims strike back 1.Fall of Edessa (1144) 2.Second Crusade (Loss of Jerusalem) 3.Every crusade after the first is a failure

F.Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) 1.Reaction to the fall of Jerusalem 2.Saladin 3.Led by Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lionhearted of England and Philip Augustus of France Richard the Lionhearted Executing Muslims at Acre

G.Crusades of the 13 th Century 1.Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204) Sack of Constantinople Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261) There were many crusades after the fourth (all failures)

H.Effects of the Crusades 1.Little impact on the Muslim world 2.Impact on European society Cultural interaction Many young warriors removed from Europe Italian cities benefited economically Attacks on Jews

Discussion Questions How was royal power strengthened in France and England beginning in the Eleventh Century? What forces pulled apart the Holy Roman Empire between the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries? How was the history of Russia linked to the invasions of the Mongols? What role did Cluny play in reforming the Church and the papacy? What was the function of the pope in Medieval Europe? What fed the climate of intolerance in Europe after the Twelfth Century? What were the causes of the Crusades? Were the Crusades a success or a failure? For whom?