Babu Ram Dawadi, IOE Pulchowk Campus

Definition A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based system that facilitates the phases of data entry, data analysis and data presentation especially in cases when we are dealing with georeferenced data. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer- based mapping tool that enables geographic or spatial data capture, storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, modeling and presentation of the real world scenario. Basically, GIS is working on the principle of geography. Geography or GIS is now proving its potential and widely accepted by inter-disciplinary experts at various levels to better manage the earth’s resources.

Def… GIS is a System of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location – spatial location– usually a geographic location information– visualization of analysis of data system– linking software, hardware, data personnel– a thinking explorer who is key to the power of GIS

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1960’s- Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS - Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling - US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format - ESRI founded 1970’s- CGIS fully operational (and still operational today) - First Landsat satellite launched (USA) - CARIS ( Computer Aided Resource Information System) founded - USGS ( United States Geological Survey) begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format - ERDAS ( Earth Resources Data Analysis System) founded - ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1980’s- ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS) - GPS became operational - US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS) - MapInfo founded - First SPOT satellite launched (Europe) - IDRISI Project started (GIS program) - SPANS GIS produced - National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA - TIGER digital data

History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1990’s- MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others - ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS - $7+ billion industry

GIS Software The geoprocessing engines of GIS Major functions Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present Key terms Program – collections of instructions to manipulate data Package – integrated collection of programs Component – self-contained, reusable software building blocks

User Interface Applications Geographic Tools Data Access Spatial Reference Vector Data Manager Raster Output Editing Analysis Customization Display Translation Functionality Architecture

Product Families AutodeskESRIIntergraphMapInfoSmallworld Viewer AutoCAD LT ArcReader GeoMedia ViewerProViewerCustom DesktopWorldArcViewGeoMediaMapInfo Professional Spatial Intelligence Profess- ional AutoCAD / Map ArcEditor ArcInfo GeoMedia ProMapInfo Professional Smallworld GIS Hand-heldOnSiteArcPadIntelliWhereMapXtendScout Database Server GIS Server ArcSDEUses Oracle Spatial SpatialWarePart of Smallworld GIS Component In several products Map Objects Part of GeoMediaMapX, MapJPart of Smallworld GIS InternetMapGuideArcIMSGeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise MapXtreme, MapXSite Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server CADAutoCAD Map In several products Part of Smallworld GIS

Number of Users Cost Internet Viewer Component Hand-held Desktop Professional Functionality GIS Software Classification

ArcSDE Unifies Spatial Data Access ArcGIS Desktop Applications ArcGIS Desktop Applications ArcIMS, ArcExplorer, ArcPad ArcIMS, ArcExplorer, ArcPad MapObjects MapObjects Third-Party applications Third-Party applications SQL Server OracleInformix IBM DB2 ArcSDE Services

First, Spatially Enable The Data… ArcSDE Data Is Independent of Application ArcIMSArcGIS SQL Server High Availability, High Performance, Secure, Scalable

GIS Internet Enterprise Today Web Server Databases Broker Browsers Web Applications

Future GIS Internet Enterprise Web Server Databases Broker Browsers Web Applications Services

Distributed GIS Development New Concept – g.net architecture leveraging emerging web technologies Web services GIS technology for applications over the web Mapping Metadata GIS Functionality Spatial Data sharing and distribution Extends ArcGIS System concept Desktop Applications Back Office Servers Distributed “Services” via the Internet

G.net Architecture Building Blocks GIS Portal Network architecture (Distributed) Loosely Coupled Internet Standards Many GeoServices Many Clients Metadata Servers Open / Interoperable Full GIS capabilities GIS Users GIS Portal Metadata Server Search Catalog and Find  Publish GIS Data & Services  Document in Catalog Connect and Use Checkout and Use World Wide Web Author, Manage, Serve Geographic Information Collections Author, Manage, Serve Catalogs

GIS Clients ESRI Direction “Software for G.Net” GIS Web Services ArcGIS Used to build Data Maps Models Applications Metadata ArcGIS Used to build Data Maps Models Applications Metadata ArcIMS Serve GIS Data Maps Apps ArcIMS Serve GIS Data Maps Apps ArcGIS Author and Manage Metadata Build Catalog ArcGIS Author and Manage Metadata Build Catalog Array of GIS Clients Access and use GIS data and services ArcReader Map Objects for Java ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions ArcPad Array of GIS Clients Access and use GIS data and services ArcReader Map Objects for Java ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions ArcPad ArcSDE Used to manage Data Metadata Transactions ArcSDE Used to manage Data Metadata Transactions ArcSDE Used to manage and distribute Metadata ArcSDE Used to manage and distribute Metadata ArcIMS Manage Metadata Provide Search Services ArcIMS Manage Metadata Provide Search Services Metadata & Catalog Services

3-Stages of GIS Data preparation and entry: the early stage in which data about the study phenomenon is collected and prepared to be entered into the system. Data Analysis: the middle stage in which collected data is carefully reviewed and, for instance, attempts are made to discover patterns Data Presentation: the final stage in which the results of earlier analysis are presented in an appropriate way

Importance & Applications B: Business I: Industries G: Government A: Academy A: Aircraft M: Military

Major Area Natural Resource Management Wildlife habitat, Wild and scenic rivers, Recreation resources, Floodplains, Wetlands, Agricultural lands, Forests. Facilities Management Locating underground pipes and cables, Balancing loads in electrical networks, Planning facility maintenance

Application contd… Land Management Zoning and subdivision planning, Land acquisition, Environmental impact policy, Water quality management, Maintenance of ownership. Info. Based Street Network Address matching, Location analysis or site selection, Development of evacuation plans.

How GIS assume Greater Significance Which is the best route between kalanki and ratnapark having minimal road intersection with good road and lesser traffic jam during peak hours? Identify the roads served by Metro water tank in kalanki with a population between 1,000 and 1,500? Which part of Gandaki zone has less literacy rate with unemployed youth between 20 and 30 years of age? Where are the potential aquifers located away from agricultural land with good road connectivity within 50 km of Kathmandu for groundwater extraction? Identify the apartment houses in new road not following building codes to withstand earthquake.

Spatial data and Geoinformation spatial data; we mean data that contains positional values. Often we can say in more precise phrase geospatial data as a further refinement, which then means spatial data that is geo-referenced By information, we mean data that has been interpreted by a human being Geo-information is a specific type of information that involves the interpretation of spatial data.

The real world and representation of GIS we usually are trying to represent some part of the real world as it is, as it was, or perhaps as we think it will be A computerized system can help to store such representations. Static Model Maps & Databases: at any point in time, they represent a single state of affairs. Usually developments or changes in the real world are not easily recognized in these models. Dynamic Model Simulation

Maps.. The best known models of the real world are maps A map is a miniature representation of some part of the real world GIS and the map is very closely related to each other maps can deal with questions/answers relating to basic components of spatial or geographic data: location (geometry), characteristics, (thematic attributes) and time, and their combinations

Map Types Topographic maps: A topographic map visualizes, limited by its scale, the Earth’s surface as accurately as possible. This may include infrastructure (egg, railroads and roads), land use (eg, vegetation and built-up areas), relief, hydrology, geographic names and reference grid Thematic maps: A thematic map represents the distribution of the particular themes; we can distinguish socio-economic theme and the physical themes using these maps.

Spatial Databases A spatial database system is a database system It offers spatial data types in its data model and query language It supports spatial data types in its implementation, providing at least spatial indexing and efficient algorithms for spatial join. a spatial database is a collection of spatially referenced data that acts as a model of reality -a database is a model of reality in the sense that the database represents a selected set or approximation of phenomena -these selected phenomena are deemed important enough to represent in digital form -the digital representation might be for some past, present or future time period (or contain some combination of several time periods in an organized fashion)

Spatial Databases… Spatial DB store representations of geographic phenomena in the real world to be used in a GIS. They are special in the sense that they use other techniques that tables to store these representations because it is not easy to represent geographic phenomena using tables. spatial phenomena exist in a two or three dimensional Euclidean space ( a model of space in which locations are represented as coordinates- (x, y) in 2D; (x, y, z) in 3D- and notions like distance and direction have been defined with the usual formulas).

Spatial DB.. A database may contain collection of: