1 Vocabulary –encoding  –storage  –retrieval  –sensory memory  –short-term memory  –maintenance rehearsal  –chunking  –memory  Section 1-2 Reader’s Guide (cont.) Click the Speaker button to listen to Exploring Psychology. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 273 of your textbook. –semantic memory  –episodic memory  –declarative memory  –procedural memory

2 Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What would life without memory be like? Can you even imagine it?  Consider all the material stored in your memory:  Introduction –your Social Security number  –the capital of South Dakota  –“The Star-Spangled Banner”  –you first love’s phone number  –the important generals of the Civil War  –the starting lineup for the Boston Red Sox  –your best friend in the first grade

3 Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What kind of incredible filing system allows you to recover instantly a line from your favorite movie?  How does all that information fit in your head? Introduction (cont.)

4 Section 1-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced is memory.  memory the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced encoding the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it To recall information, you use three memory processes.  The first memory process is encoding– the transforming of information so that the nervous system can process it. The Processes of Memory

5 Chart 1-1 The Process of Memory

6 Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. After information is encoded, it goes through the second memory process, storage.  storage the process by which information is maintained over a period of time This is the process by which information is maintained over a period of time.  The amount of information stored depends on how much effort was put into encoding the information. The Processes of Memory (cont.)

7 Section 1-7 The third memory process, retrieval, occurs when information is brought to mind from storage.  retrieval the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory The ease in which information can be retrieved depends on how efficiently it was encoded and stored (as well as on other factors such as genetic background). Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Processes of Memory (cont.)

8 Section 1-9 In sensory memory, the senses of sight and hearing (among other senses) are able to hold an input for a fraction of a second before it disappears.  sensory memory very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus Sensory memory serves three functions:  Sensory Memory –prevents you from being overwhelmed.  –gives you some decision time.  –allows for continuity and stability in your world.

9 Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The things you have in your conscious mind at any one moment are being held in short-term memory.  short-term memory memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal Short-term memory does not necessarily involve paying close attention. Short-Term Memory

10 Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To keep information in short-term memory for more than a few seconds, you usually have to repeat the information to yourself, in your mind or out loud.  maintenance rehearsal a system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it This is what psychologists mean by maintenance rehearsal. Short-Term Memory (cont.) Maintenance Rehearsal

11 Chart 1-2 Spot the Fake Penny

12 Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Short-term memory is limited not only in its duration but also in its capacity.  The most interesting aspect of this limit, discovered by George Miller (1956), is that it involves about seven items (plus or minus two items) of any kind.  Each item may consist of a collection of many other items, but if they are all packaged into one “chunk,” then there is still only one item. Short-Term Memory (cont.) Chunking

13 Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. chunking the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember We can remember about seven unrelated sets of initials or the initials of our favorite radio stations, even though we could not remember all the letters separately.  This is referred to as chunking, because we have connected, or “chunked,” them together. Short-Term Memory (cont.) Chunking

14 Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The primacy-recency effect refers to the fact that we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.  Remembering the first four or five items in a list because you have more time to rehearse them is the primacy effect.  Recalling the last four or five items because they were still in short-term memory is the recency effect. Short-Term Memory (cont.) The Primacy-Recency Effect

15 Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Short-term memory is also called working memory.  Working memory serves as a system for processing and working with current information.  Working memory includes both short-term memory (events that just occurred) and information stored in long-term memory, now recalled for current information. Short-Term Memory (cont.) Working Memory

16 Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods of time.  Information is not stored like a piece of paper in a filing cabinet; it is stored according to categories or features.  You reconstruct what you must recall when you need it.  Long-term memory contains representations of countless facts, experiences, and sensations. Long-Term Memory

17 Chart 1-3 Three Systems of Memory

18 Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. semantic memory knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings episodic memory memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence Semantic memory is our knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings; we share that knowledge with other speakers of our language.  Long-Term Memory (cont.) Types of Long-Term Memory Episodic memory is our memory of our own life–such as when you woke up this morning.

19 Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. declarative memory memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed procedural memory memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection L.R. Squire (1987) proposed a related model of memory.  Long-Term Memory (cont.) Types of Long-Term Memory Declarative memory involves both episodic and semantic memory.  Procedural memory does not require conscious recollection to have past learning or experiences impact our performance.

20 Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What happens in the brain when something is stored in long-term memory?  Although psychologists agree that some physiological changes occur in the brain, they are only beginning to identify how and where memories are stored.  Some psychologists theorize a change in the neuronal structure of nerves occurs when we learn something.  Others contend learning is based on molecular or chemical changes in the brain. Memory and the Brain

21 Section 1-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Where does learning occur?  There is growing evidence that formation of procedural memories involves activity in an area of the brain called the striatum, deep in the front part of our cortex.  Declarative memories result from activity in the hippocampus and the amygdala (Mishkin, Saunders, & Murray, 1984). Memory and the Brain (cont.)

22 Chart 1-4 Memory Centers in the Brain

23 Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. It is not clear yet how individual neurons establish connections with one another when learning occurs.  It is clear that a very complex chemical process precedes the formation of new connections between neurons. Memory and the Brain (cont.)