By the end of this session, you’ll be able to:  Identify the various dosage forms  Enumerate the different routes of drug administration  Explain the advantages and a disadvantages of each form.

Drug Dosage Forms Definition Different routes Of administration Advantages & Disadvantages Clinical Application

Definition Dosage Forms: It is the pharmaceutical preparation in which the drug is administered to the patient.

Classification of Classification of Drug Forms Enteral Parenteral Inhalation Topical

Enteral dosage forms liquids solid liquids solid Through GIT: OralSublingualRectalOralOral

Liquid preparations 1-aqueous:1-Solution2-Syrup3-Emulsion4-Suspension5-Mixture4-Decoction6-Infusion

2-alcoholic1-Tincture2-SpiritsAdvantages: convenient, economical, & safe.

FIRST PASS EFFECT

Disadvantages: Not suitable in 1-unconscious. 2-excessive vomiting. 3-emergencies. 4-drugs destroyed by digestive enzymes,or gastric acidity benzyl penicillin. 5-drugs irritant to GIT. 6-drugs not absorbed from GIT. 7-drugs with very extensive first pass metabolism..

Solid preparations 1-Tablets:Simple.Compressed Sugar coated Enteric coated Sustained release EffervescentSublingual.

2 - Capsules: Hard Gelatin Soft Gelatin Enteric coated Sustained release. 3 - Powder In packets or in bulk. 4 - Effervescent granules In packets or in bulk.

1- Rapid 2- No first pass 3- Effect can be terminated 4- Avoid GI T enzymes. SublingualSublingual

SuppositoryAdvantages: 1-Escape first pass 2-Avoid digestive enzymes. 3-Avoid gastric irritation. 4-Large volume of fluids. RectalRectal Enema

Ampoules.VialsBottles. Must be sterile and pyrogen free. Parenteral I njections Subcutaneous I mplantsInjectionsInjections

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Means for parenteral 1-I ntravenous(IV): Adv.:Rapid Large volume of fluids Escape first pass metabolism. Disadv: 1-Undesirable reactions due to rapid high concentration. 2-Not suitable for oily preparations 3-Venous thrombosis

2- Intra-muscular (IM): For aqueous or oily preparations 3-Subcutaneous(SC): Non irritant drugs (aqueous). 4-Intrathecal 5- Intracardiac 6- Intra-arterial 7- Intra-articular 8- Intra-peritoneal 9-Bone Marrow

Pellet implanted under skin to allow release of the drug over several weeks or months. Subcutaneous Implantations

 Gas  Volatile liquids  Solution administered as AEROSOL ( Nebulizer ).  Finely micronized powder “ Spinhaler ” InhalationInhalation

For Local For Systemic Effect Effect Skin Mouth Ear Eye Vagina Nose TopicalTopical

Transdermal Delivery Patches For systemic effects  Advantages: Prolonged blood levels No 1 st pass effect.

The ROA is determined by the physical characteristics of the drug, the speed which the drug is absorbed and/ or released, as well as the need to bypass hepatic metabolism and achieve high conc. at particular sites The ROA is determined by the physical characteristics of the drug, the speed which the drug is absorbed and/ or released, as well as the need to bypass hepatic metabolism and achieve high conc. at particular sites

No single method of drug administration is ideal for all drugs in all circumstances