2.3.1 Taxonomy and Classification. The science of grouping organisms based on their similarities.

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Presentation transcript:

2.3.1 Taxonomy and Classification

The science of grouping organisms based on their similarities.

 To help identify organisms  To draw parallels and distinctions between organisms  To identify relationships between organisms  To communicate with others (universal language)  To identify evolutionary patterns and relationships

 Morphology (structures)  Physiology (functions)  Biochemistry  Genetics

Scientists look for these similarities: 1. Anatomical 2. Biochemical 3. Embryological development 4. Evolutionary relationships

 Greek philosopher.  Came up with the 1st system of classification. 1. Plants: - stem types 2. Animals: - land, air or water

 Swedish botanist.  Came up with today’s modern system of classification.

Monera

 Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

Phylogenic Tree = each branch point represents a common ancestor of the species above that point.

 Scientists use a 2-word system of naming different organisms called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE.  This 2-word name is called a SCIENTIFIC NAME and it is made up of the genus and species names.

St. John’s Wort: Hypericum perforatum Dandelion: Taraxacum officianalis Domestic cat: Felix domesticus Mosquito: Colex pipens Human: Homo sapiens Maryland blue crab: Calinectes sapidus  A scientific name is either written in italics or it is underlined.  Genus is capitalized, species isn’t!

Fig , p. 320 COMMON NAME: KINGDOM GENUS SPECIES FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM corn Plantae Zea Z. mays Poaceae Commelinales Monocotyledonae (monocots) Anthophyta (flowering plants) vanilla orchid Plantae Vanilla V. planifolia Orchidaceae Orchidales Monocotyledonae Anthophyt a housefly Animalia Musca M. domestica Muscidae Diptera Insecta Anthropod a human Animalia Homo H. sapiens Hominidae Primates Mammalia Chordata

 In order to identify new organisms and to figure out what species they are, scientists use a DICHOTOMOUS KEY.  By asking a series of “Yes/No” questions about the organisms anatomy, the organism can be identified.

1a. Hair present Class Mammalia 1b. Hair absent Go to 2 2a. Feathers present.... Class Aves 2b. Feather absent..... Go to 3

3a. Jaw present Go to 4 3b. Jaw absent Class Agnatha 4a. Paired fins present.... Go to 5 4b. Paired fins absent..... Go to 6

6a. Skin scales present...Class Reptilia 6b. Skin scales absent... Class Amphibia

1a. Body symmetry radial Go to 2 1b. Body symmetry not radial Go to 3 2a. Tentacles present, body soft..... P. Cnideria 2b. Tentacles absent, body hard & rough..... P. Echinodermata

1a. Body symmetry radial Go to 2 1b. Body symmetry not radial Go to 3 3a. Exoskeleton present Go to 4 3b. Exoskeleton absent Go to 5

4a. Jointed legs present P. Arthropoda 4b. Jointed legs absent P. Mollusca

1a. Body symmetry radial Go to 2 1b. Body symmetry not radial Go to 3 3a. Exoskeleton present Go to 4 3b. Exoskeleton absent Go to 5

4a. Jointed legs present P. Arthropoda 4b. Jointed legs absent P. Mollusca