Cell Structures

Organelles  Mitochondria  Chloroplasts  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Lysosomes  Golgi Apparatus  Ribosome  Vacuoles  Plastid

Mitochondria  Powerhouse of the cell  Changes chemical energy in food to compounds more convenient for cell to use  Has 2 membranes  Outer- surrounds the organelle  Inner- increases surface area because of folds; this is where cellular respiration takes place; folds are called cristae  Produces ATP

Chloroplasts  Only in PLANT cells  Change energy from one form to another  Capture sunlight  Converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars

Endoplasmic Reticulum  Transports material through the cell  Makes poisons, wastes and other toxins harmless  Can be rough or smooth  Rough ER has ribosomes on it  Smooth ER does not have ribosomes  Makes proteins through the ribosomes

Lysosomes  Clean up crew  Removes the junk  Encircles and engulfs foreign material  Uses chemicals and enzymes  Not present in plant cells  Can eat old organelles

Golgi Apparatus  Discovered by Camillo Golgi  Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules made at one location of the cell to another location to be used  Looks like a stack of pancakes

Ribosome  Made in the nucleus  Some are free in the cytoplasm and other are attached to the ER  Make proteins  Smallest organelle

Vacuoles  Stores material such as water, salt, protein and carbohydrates  Mainly found in PLANT cells  Plants have one single large vacuole for water storage

Plastid  Only in PLANTS  Store food and pigment  Chloroplasts- stores chlorophyll  Leukoplasts- stores starch  Chromoplasts- stores pigments (fruits and flowers)  Amyloplasts- contain starch, found in seeds

Animal CellsPlant Cells Lysosomes Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts

Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrian Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached)

Cytoskeleton  Gives the cell shape and mechanical support, maintains structure and aids in movement  Composed of microtubules  Hollow tubes  Maintain shape of cell  Serves as a track for organelles to move on

Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion Cytoskeleton

Cilia and Flagella  Made of microtubules  Flagella move in an undulating fashion to propel a cell. Ex. Sperm, euglena  Cilia- more numerous on the cells surface, act more like oars. Ex. Paramecium  In humans cilia line parts of the respiratory system moving dust particles and bacteria away from the lungs