Respiratory System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Respiratory System Conducting and respiratory divisions Respiratory System Conducting and respiratory divisions

Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Structures of the Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Br Tb/Rb AD A A B B Diaphragm

Respiratory Epithelium Respiratory Epithelium

Respiratory Epithelium Respiratory Epithelium lymphatic duct

Respiratory Epithelium

Nasal cavity and associated structures Superior Middle Inferior Turbinate Bones (conchae) Opening of eustachian tube Opening of eustachian tube Nasal fossa Vestibule

Venous sinuses of nasal concha venous sinuses respiratory epithelium glands and ducts

Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal cavity Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal cavity

Location of olfactory epithelium on upper nasal concha Location of olfactory epithelium on upper nasal concha Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory Epithelium Bowmans glands DuctDuct

Respiratory epithelium Olfactory epithelium

Signals from olfactory neurons in the nose and from taste receptors on the tongue converge onto the same area of the brain. Signals from olfactory neurons in the nose and from taste receptors on the tongue converge onto the same area of the brain.

Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Lung and Larynx Br Tb/Rb AD A A B B Diaphragm The Pharynx

Larynx

Epiglottis EpiglottisEpiglottis

Larynx in X-section False vocal cords True vocal cords Vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

Vocal Cord

Vocal cords

Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Lung The Trachea Br Tb/Rb AD A A B B Diaphragm

Trachea and Esophagus

Trachea Respiratory epithelium Hyaline cartilage Trachealis muscle Glands

Respiratory System Conducting and respiratory divisions Respiratory System Conducting and respiratory divisions

Medium sized bronchus V A Br Cartilage SM Gl Br.

3 2 1 bronchiole br’iole Br C 1.Bronchiole with no cartilage or glands, but lots of smooth muscle 2. Bronchus leading into bronchiole which divides into two respiratory bronchioles 3. Alveolar duct leading into alveolar sacs, which contain clusters of alveoli 1.Bronchiole with no cartilage or glands, but lots of smooth muscle 2. Bronchus leading into bronchiole which divides into two respiratory bronchioles 3. Alveolar duct leading into alveolar sacs, which contain clusters of alveoli SM Rb AD AS The respiratory portion of the lung The respiratory portion of the lung

Alveolar duct Alveoli Blood vessel Alveolar sac

Alveolar Sac

Continuum of changes in respiratory epithelium Continuum of changes in respiratory epithelium No goblet cells No glands No cartilage Appearance of Clara cells Type I & type II cells line alveoli Macrophages

Wall of terminal bronchiole 2.Respiratory bronchiole 3.Respiratory bronchiole 4.Alveoli Cap A A A A CC

M Capillaries in the Interalveolar septum

capillary AlveolusTissues CO 2 uptake and release by erythrocytes CO 2 uptake and release by erythrocytes O2O2

Type II cell

Structure and function of Type II cell

The alveoli are rich in macrophages. Under certain conditions they can fuse to form giant phagocytic cells. The alveoli are rich in macrophages. Under certain conditions they can fuse to form giant phagocytic cells. macrophages

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein ‘Functional’ blood Supply to lungs ‘Functional’ blood Supply to lungs Alveolar capillary network

Pleura of Lungs

UC MC NS

Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Structures of the Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System Br Tb/Rb AD A A B B Diaphragm This simplified diagram shows all of the components of the respiratory system, from the nasal cavity, where air enters the system, to the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. B = Bronchus Br = Bronchiole Tb/Rb = Terminal bronchiole/Respiratory bronchiole (these are not distinguished in this diagram) AD = Alveolar duct A = Alveolus